Lumberjaxe Code Golf

JavaScript (Node.js), 52 bytes

Takes input as (b)(n), where b is a Buffer (using the characters described in the challenge) and n is the durability of the axe.

Returns a Boolean value and 2 integers as [ broken, [ small, big ]].

b=>n=>[b.some(c=>(n-=6&c+1)<0||!++a[c%3],a=[0,0]),a]

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How?

Given an ASCII code c, we use 6 & (c + 1) to get the number of swings needed to chop the tree, and c % 3 to get an index into the tree-counting array a[] (0 for small, 1 for big).

 char. | c = ASCII code | 6 & (c + 1) | c % 3
-------+----------------+-------------+-------
  'i'  |       105      |      2      |   0
  '|'  |       124      |      4      |   1

05AB1E, 20 bytes

-5 bytes thanks to Kevin Cruijssen.

ηʒÇ3%·ÌO@}θD¹Ês{γ€g‚

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Explanation

η                    Prefixes of the input. ["i", "i|", "i||", "i||i", "i||ii", "i||iii", "i||iii|"]
 ʒ                   Filter:
  Ç                      Ord codes. E.g. "i||i" -> [105, 124, 124, 105]
   3%                    Mod 3.          ->        [0, 1, 1, 0]
     ·                   Double.         ->        [0, 2, 2, 0]
      Ì                  Add 2.          ->        [2, 4, 4, 2]
       O                 Sum the prefix. ->        12
        @}               Does it exceed
                       the second input? -> 50 >= 12 -> 1

          θ              The last item of the filtered prefixes: "i||iii|"
           D             Duplicate.
            ¹Ê           Is it not equal to the first inupt?     "i||iii|" != "i||iii|" -> 0
              s          Swap the other copy up.                 "i||iii|"
               {         Sort.                                   "iiii|||"
                γ        Group by consecutive equal items.       ["iiii","|||"]
                 €g      Map: length.                            [3, 4]
                   ‚     Pair.                                   [0, [3, 4]]

J, ^{37 34} 33 bytes

(](-:;+/@#:@])(>:2*+/\)#])' i'i.]

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-1 byte thanks to Bubbler

Converts small to 1, big to 2. Now create a filter by doubling and scan summing, and apply filter to find entries less than or equal to the left input. Take just those entries, convert to binary, and sum to get the <num big>, <num small> part of the answer. Check if the filtered list equals the unfiltered list to get the "chops down all trees?" part of the answer.