Math.floor VS Math.trunc JavaScript

Actually, there is much more alternative ways to remove the decimals from a number. But it's a tradeoff of readability and speed.

Choosing the right one depends on what you need. If you just need to just remove decimals, always use trunc() or bitwise operators.
The floor(), ceil() and round() are conceptually very different from trunc().

Math library

You already know these. Always use them in a standard, non-critical code.

var v = 3.14; [Math.trunc(v), Math.round(v), Math.floor(v), Math.ceil(v)]
// prints results

for different input values you get these results

 v        t   r   f   c
 3.87 : [ 3,  4,  3,  4]
 3.14 : [ 3,  3,  3,  4]
-3.14 : [-3, -3, -4, -3]
-3.87 : [-3, -4, -4, -3]

Math.trunc() cuts away (truncates) the decimal places.
Math.round() rounds towards closest integer number.
Math.floor() rounds towards closest lower integer number. 3.5 -> 3 -3.5 -> -4
Math.ceil() rounds towards closest higher integer number. 3.5 -> 4 -3.5 -> -3

---

But this is more fun :)

Binary operations and bitwise operators

If you look at them in the code, it might not be apparent from the first glance what they do, so don't use them in normal code. Though in some cases, they might be useful. For example calculating coordinates in a <canvas/>. They are much faster, but come with limitations.

Conceptually, they work this way:

• The operands are converted to 32-bit signed integers and thus lose all decimal fractions.

ATTENTION:
Numbers with more than 32 bits get their most significant (leftmost) bits discarded and the leftmost bit becomes the new sign bit.

[
  0b011100110111110100000000000000110000000000001, //  15872588537857
~~0b011100110111110100000000000000110000000000001, // -1610588159
             ~~0b10100000000000000110000000000001, // -1610588159
]

Bitwise logical operators

• Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second operand. (First bit to first bit, second bit to second bit, and so on.)
• The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise.

Bitwise shift operators

• These operators take a value to be shifted and a number of bit positions to shift the value by.

truncating

However, when truncating, we always use a 0, zero, a false as a second operand, that doesn't do anything to the original value, except for converting to integer, in these cases:

~    NOT    ~~v

|    OR    v | 0

<<   Left shift    v << 0

>>   Signed right shift    v >> 0

>>>  Zero-fill right shift    v >>> 0

var v = 3.78;
[ ~~v ,  v | 0 ,  v << 0 ,  v >> 0 ,  v >>> 0 ]
// prints these results

 3.78 : [ 3,  3,  3,  3, 3]
 3.14 : [ 3,  3,  3,  3, 3]
-3.74 : [-3, -3, -3, -3, 4294967293]
-3.14 : [-3, -3, -3, -3, 4294967293]

---

Performance

https://jsperf.com/number-truncating-methods/1

if the argument is a positive number, Math.trunc() is equivalent to Math.floor(), otherwise Math.trunc() is equivalent to Math.ceil().

for the performance check this one and the fastest one is Math.trunc

var t0 = performance.now();
var result = Math.floor(3.5);
var t1 = performance.now();
console.log('Took', (t1 - t0).toFixed(4), 'milliseconds to generate:', result);
var t0 = performance.now();
var result = Math.trunc(3.5);
var t1 = performance.now();
console.log('Took', (t1 - t0).toFixed(4), 'milliseconds to generate:', result);

the result is Took 0.0300 milliseconds to generate: 3 Took 0.0200 milliseconds to generate: 3

so if the arguments are only positive numbers you can use the fastest one.

The existing answers have explained well about the performance. However, I could not understand the functional difference between Math.trunc and Math.floor from either the question or the answers and hence I have put my finding in this answer.

Math.trunc rounds down a number to an integer towards 0 while Math.floor rounds down a number to an integer towards -Infinity. As illustrated with the following number line, the direction will be the same for a positive number while for a negative number, the directions will be the opposite.

trunc: towards 0    
floor: towards -Infinity


                   -3      -2     -1      0      1      2      3
-Infinity ... ------+----|--+------+------+------+------+--|----+------ .... Infinity
                         b                                 a    

Demo:

var a = 2.3, b = -2.3;
console.log("\t\t\t" + a + "\t\t" + b + "\r\n" + "Math.trunc: " + Math.trunc(a) + "\t\t" + Math.trunc(b) + "\r\n" + "Math.floor: " + Math.floor(a) + "\t\t" + Math.floor(b));

Output:

            2.3     -2.3
Math.trunc: 2       -2
Math.floor: 2       -3