Name of the font used in Linux Console (TTY)

The font in the image you supplied is the VGA font (I believe people refer to it as the VGA 437 font, but it's ambiguous; take a look at the wikipedia page.) This rendering is not something specific to Linux – it's your graphics card's rendition. Every graphics card I've used has used this particular rendering by default. I found a TTF clone of it here.

The Linux TTY has other fonts and sizes too. If you want to customize it, try

sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup