Observer Design Pattern vs "Listeners"

Whether the term "listener" refers to the Observer pattern or not will depend upon the context. For example, Java Swing's "Event Listeners" are part of an Observer pattern implementation while .Net "Trace Listeners" are not.

It isn't uncommon for framework authors to assign different names to components participating in a given pattern implementation, but the official pattern names are generally used when discussing the patterns themselves.

Concerning design, the implementation of a given pattern will often be influenced by the language and platform being used. As such, a particular implementation of the Observer pattern within a given framework (which may happen to use the term "listener" to describe the role of the ConcreteObserver) might differ slightly from that described in the Design Patterns book.

A listener may well be an implementation of the observer pattern. A listener is essentially waiting for an event to occur on a given object, which is what an observer does.

I know you're not after a language specific answer, but it's kind of hard to talk about this stuff in the abstract. So if I were to investigate this in .NET, I'd be inclined to open an assembly containing a listener in .NET Reflector, which will allow me to disassemble the assembly and check its logic against a design pattern.

There's a two-way nature to the description of Observer in Design Patterns by Gamma et. al. (GoF).

In their description of Observer, one of the ConcreteObservers might signal a change to its Subject. The Subject, which holds a list of all ConcreteObservers, then notifies its list. All ConcreteObservers, including the prime mover, then react as appropriate.

The common implementations of Listeners seem to all react to events from outside.

So, I would say that the Listener is a less-generalized case of an Observer.

Naming example

If you just wonder what name to use, you probably want to use "listener" for simple stuff, and "observer" for anything complex that goes beyond callbacks.

I mean literally, a person can "observe" with many ways, but a person can only "listen" to the external noices which something makes (like callbacks, notifications and etc.)