Passing single object vs. passing multiple parameters

Method A (naked parameters) always has the advantages that

• it requires the method author to type less, since they don't have to implement a Parameter Object,
• it requires the method caller to type less, since they don't have to instantiate a Parameter Object
• it performs better, since no Parameter Object has to be constructed and garbage collected
• the reader can see what the individual parameters are from the method signature alone (but this is a double-edged sword; see below)

Method B (Parameter Object) has advantages when

• the parameters have domain meaning as a group, so the Parameter Object can be given a name that explains that meaning, saving the reader from having to read and understand each member of the group and how they relate
• the parameter list is used in more than one method, so using the Parameter Object in each reduces duplication
• the values in the parameter list are passed around among multiple methods as a group, which is easier when they can be passed as a single Parameter Object
• some combinations of values are invalid; the Parameter Object can prevent those combinations
• some values are optional, which can be provided by the Parameter Object instead of (depending on your language) default parameter values or overloaded methods
• there is more than one parameter of the same type, making value-swapping errors more likely (although a Parameter Object is not better in this case if it has a constructor with the same parameter list as the method)

That the Parameter Object introduces a new dependency on which caller and callee depend is not much of a disadvantage, since it is a simple class with no dependencies of its own.

So, Parameter Object is

• almost never worthwhile for a single parameter, sometimes worthwhile for a two-parameter method (e.g. Point is usually better than x, y) and sometimes not, and increasingly helpful with three and more parameters
• increasingly helpful when more methods use the same parameter list

Both David and Som's answers have great information to consider. I'll add the following:

As with many design patterns, the decision of what to do lies on a continuum between options with their own pros and cons. There is not always a right answer - more often it comes down to which pros to you want to enjoy and which cons are you willing to risk.

In my experience, moving to a DTO is helpful when you have related values that always travel together. David described the pros to this approach well. An additional con I have seen to this approach is that you risk adding unnecessary dependencies to methods when the DTO grows.

For example, methods A, B, C, and D take Foo, Bar, and Baz, so it is nice to combine these arguments in to a DTO. Then methods A and B need to take on Quux - do you add Quux to the DTO forcing C and D to take on an unused dependency? When you test C and D, what value do you pass in for Quux? When a new developer uses methods C and D, does the presence of Quux generate confusion? When comparing methods A and C, is it clear how Quux should or should not be defined?

Similar situations arise when you originally need Foo, Bar, and Baz for all methods, but then some methods no longer need those values.

I observed an experience where one team was passing a DTO to the service of another team and taking great efforts to correctly populate and sync the information in that DTO, when all that was actually needed was a single value that could have been passed trivially.

Unless the values always go together, you risk generating confusion, increased test burden, and extra dev work. If the values do always go together, a DTO can provide clarity, reduce duplication, simplify consistency, etc.

Parameter Objects do provide a nice approach to encapsulate related parameters to reduce the total parameter count to any method or constructor. One should be very careful to make sure that the parameter objects do actually contain truly related parameters.

Actually there are multiple ways of approaching this problem depending on the parameter types you are dealing with. If you are dealing with parameters that are general types like more than one Strings or Ints and there is a potential for a client to actually pass in the wrong sequence of arguments ,it often makes more sense to create custom types ie. create enum with possible values. That can provide good compile time check for your arguments. Another good use of them is you can use them to return complex values from functions. See here.

Another approach i take a lot of times is to check and see if the work done by the doStuff method be broken down into simpler methods with less dependencies.

Principally i try to follow Bob Martin's recommendation of a maximum of three parameters. Well he actually say it should be mostly not more than one ! Any increase should have justified reasons. Refer this excellent book : Clean Code