Protected Keyword C#

Everyone's answer is similar (a definition and/or a excerpt/link to MSDN), so ill attempt to answer your original 3 questions:

The Meaning:

Any field marked with 'protected' means it is only visible to itself and any children (classes that inherit from it). You will notice in the ASP.NET Web Forms code behind model, event handlers (such as Page_Load) are marked 'protected'. This is because the ASPX Markup file actually inherits from the code-behind file (look at the @Page directive to prove this).

Why We Use It:

The common use of the protected accessibility modifier is to give children access to it's parents properties. You might have a base class for which many subclasses derive from. This base class may have a common property. This is a good case for a protected property - to facilitate the re-use and central maintenance of common logic.

The Benefit:

Kind of similar question to "why we use it?" But essentially it gives coarse-grained control over properties. You can't just think of "when you use protected". It's more a case of choosing when to use which accessibility modifier (private, public, internal, protected). So the benefit is really the same benefit of any accessibility modifier - provide a robust and consistent object model, maximising code re-use and minimizing security risks associated with incorrectly exposed code.

Hope that helps.

As others have already pointed out:

The protected keyword is a member access modifier. A protected member is accessible within its class and by derived class instances.

Here is a small example:

public class A
{
    protected string SomeString;
    public string SomeOtherString;
}

public class B : A
{
    public string Wrapped
    {
        get { return this.SomeString; }
    }
}

...

var a = new A();
var s = a.SomeOtherString; // valid
var s2 = a.SomeString; // Error

var b = new B();
var s3 = b.Wrapped; // valid

"A protected member is accessible from within the class in which it is declared, and from within any class derived from the class that declared this member."

see

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/keywords/protected