Quick proof that free objects on sets of different cardinality are not isomorphic?

Counterexample: The Jónsson–Tarski algebra.

Let $\mathbf K$ be the class of algebras $\mathfrak A=(A,f,g,h)$ of signature $(2,1,1)$ satisfying the identities $g(f(x,y))=x,\ h(f(x,y))=y,\ f(g(z),h(z))=z.$ The free $\mathbf K$-algebra on one generator is isomorphic to the free $\mathbf K$-algebra on $n$ generators for every positive integer $n.$

On the other hand, for a variety containing a finite algebra with more than one element, free algebras with different numbers of generators are nonisomorphic.

Reference: Bjarni Jónsson and Alfred Tarski, On two properties of free algebras, Math. Scand. 9 (1961), 95–101.

The standard counterexample is to take a take $R=\mathrm{End}(V)$ for some infinite-dimensional vector space $V$. Then $R \cong R^2$ as left $R$-modules.