Ravenity of Cube Distance Numbers

Pyth - 21 19 18 bytes

I wonder if there's a trick.

l{st#mP+Q^d3s_BMSE

Test Suite.

l                   Length
 {                  Uniquify
  s                 Combine divisor lists
   t#               Filter by if more than one element
     PM             Take prime factorization of each number
       +RQ          Add each num in list to input
          s_BM      Each num in list and its negative (with bifurcate)
              ^R3   Cube each num in list
                 SE Inclusive unary range - [1, 2, 3,... n] to input

Jelly, 16 bytes

ŒRḟ0*3+µÆfFœ-µQL

Takes x and n as command-line arguments, in that order. Try it online!

How it works

ŒRḟ0*3+µÆfFœ-µQL  Main link. Arguments, x, n

ŒR                Range; yield [-x, ..., x].
  ḟ0              Filter out 0.
    *3            Cube each remaining integer.
      +           Add n to all cubes.
       µ          Begin a new, monadic link. Argument: A (list of sums)
        Æf        Factorize each k in A.
          F       Flatten the resulting, nested list.
           œ-     Perform multiset difference with A.
                  If k in A is prime, Æf returns [k], adding on k too many to the
                  flat list. Multiset difference with A removes exactly one k from
                  the results, thus getting rid of primes.
                  If k is composite (or 1), it cannot appear in the primes in the
                  flat list, so subtracting it does nothing.
             µ    Begin a new, monadic link. Argument: D (list of prime divisors)
              Q   Unique; deduplicate D.
               L  Compute the length of the result.

Julia, 107 bytes

f(n,x)=endof(∪(foldl(vcat,map(k->[keys(factor(k))...],filter(i->!isprime(i),[n+z^3for z=[-x:-1;1:x]])))))

This is a function that accepts two integers and returns an integer.

Ungolfed:

function f(n, x)
    # Get all cube distance numbers
    cubedist = [n + z^3 for z = [-x:-1; 1:x]]

    # Filter out the primes and zeros
    noprimes = filter(i -> !isprime(i) && i > 0, cubedist)

    # Factor each remaining number
    factors = map(k -> [keys(factor(k))...], noprimes)

    # Flatten the list of factors
    flat = foldl(vcat, factors)

    # Return the number of unique elements
    return endof(∪(flat))
end