Reading a shapefile as an array using Python?

Your script was generally correct, but you didn't change the name of the attribute field you wanted to rasterize.

In the example you posted, you set ['ATTRIBUTE=ID'] as field, but it doesn't exists in your shapefile. You only have "Habitats" and "surface" as fields, so you need properly edit the code.

Therefore, you needed to edit the folders for both shapefile and rasterized layers, and the crs.

I slightly edited the code in this way:

import gdal
from osgeo import osr
from osgeo import ogr

def layer(shapefile):

    # 1) opening the shapefile
    source_ds = ogr.Open(shapefile)
    source_layer = source_ds.GetLayer()

    # 2) Creating the destination raster data source

    pixelWidth = pixelHeight = 1 # depending how fine you want your raster
    x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max = source_layer.GetExtent()
    cols = int((x_max - x_min) / pixelHeight)
    rows = int((y_max - y_min) / pixelWidth)
    target_ds = gdal.GetDriverByName('GTiff').Create(raster_path, cols, rows, 1, gdal.GDT_Byte) 
    target_ds.SetGeoTransform((x_min, pixelWidth, 0, y_min, 0, pixelHeight))
    band = target_ds.GetRasterBand(1)
    NoData_value = 255
    band.SetNoDataValue(NoData_value)
    band.FlushCache()

    # 4) Instead of setting a general burn_value, use optionsand set it to the attribute that contains the relevant unique value ["ATTRIBUTE=ID"]
    gdal.RasterizeLayer(target_ds, [1], source_layer, options = ['ATTRIBUTE=surface'])

    # 5) Adding a spatial reference
    target_dsSRS = osr.SpatialReference()
    target_dsSRS.ImportFromEPSG(2975)
    target_ds.SetProjection(target_dsSRS.ExportToWkt())
    return gdal.Open(raster_path).ReadAsArray()


raster_path = 'C:/Users/path_to_the_rasterized_output/temp.tif'

shapefile = 'C:/Users/path_to_the_shapefile/shapefile_maido_tipe.shp'

print layer(shapefile)

and I think it is working by now because I obtain this rasterized layer (which overlaps the shapefile):

and this return from the print layer(shapefile) line (you see only '255' value because you set it as nodata value):

[[255 255 255 ..., 255 255 255]
 [255 255 255 ..., 255 255 255]
 [255 255 255 ..., 255 255 255]
 ..., 
 [255 255 255 ..., 255 255 255]
 [255 255 255 ..., 255 255 255]
 [255 255 255 ..., 255 255 255]]