Renaming dbo.AspNetUsers table

You need to update database. Enable-Migrations and Update-Database, explained in details here. The point of EF code first approach is to write our model classes and configurations and each time we change something we use EF migrations to update the database schema.

Database first approach with asp.net-identity-entityframework are explained here and here, not so straightforward

Write the following code in IdentityModels.cs

public class ApplicationDbContext : IdentityDbContext<ApplicationUser>
{
    public ApplicationDbContext()
        : base("DBConnectionString", throwIfV1Schema: false)
    {
    }

    protected override void OnModelCreating(System.Data.Entity.DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);

        modelBuilder.Entity<IdentityUserClaim>().ToTable("UserClaims");
        modelBuilder.Entity<IdentityUserRole>().ToTable("UserRoles");
        modelBuilder.Entity<IdentityUserLogin>().ToTable("UserLogins");
        modelBuilder.Entity<IdentityRole>().ToTable("Roles");
        modelBuilder.Entity<ApplicationUser>().ToTable("Users");
    }

    public static ApplicationDbContext Create()
    {
        return new ApplicationDbContext();
    }
}

Write the following code in Application_Start() Method in Global.asax.cs file

Database.SetInitializer<ApplicationDbContext>(null);