RetentionPolicy CLASS vs. RUNTIME

both may be accessed at the run-time anyway.

That's not what the javadoc says:

RUNTIME: Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.

CLASS: Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler but need not be retained by the VM at run time.

In practice, I'm not aware of any use-cases for CLASS. It would only be useful if you wanted to read the bytecode programmatically, as opposed to via the classloader API, but that's a very specialised case, and I don't know why you wouldn't just use RUNTIME.

Ironically, CLASS is the default behaviour.

It looks like both are recorded into the bytecode and both may be accessed at the run-time anyway.

False for basic built-in annotation interfaces like getAnnotations. E.g.:

import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS)
@interface RetentionClass {}

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface RetentionRuntime {}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    @RetentionClass
    class C {}
    assert C.class.getAnnotations().length == 0;

    @RetentionRuntime
    class D {}
    assert D.class.getAnnotations().length == 1;
}

so the only way to observe a RetentionPolicy.CLASS annotation is by using a bytecode parser.

Another difference is that the Retention.CLASS annotated class gets a RuntimeInvisible class attribute, while Retention.RUNTIME annotations get a RuntimeVisible class attribute. This can be observed with javap.

Examples on GitHub for you to play with.