Rouché's Theorem for $p(z)=z^7-5z^3+12$

With $|z|=1$, $|f(z)-g(z)|=|z^7-5z^3| = |z^4-5|$, however the last quantity is not equal to $5-1$, as you can take any point with $|z|=1$ (eg, take $z=e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}}$, then the value is $6$). The best upper bound is the one given.

There is no difference between the $|-z^7+5z^3|$ and $|z^7-5z^3|$, since it appears under the $|.|$ (ie, |w| = |-w|).

Order means multiplicity. $z^2$ has a zero of multiplicity $2$ at $0$.