Simple Op Amp Non-inverting Amplifier Circuit Not Working

LM318 does not have rail-to-rail inputs. You could find a different op-amp with input common mode range that includes the negative supply rail, or use the LM318 but provide a negative supply rail of -3.5 V or lower.

Input common-mode (CM) range or "Voltage input Range" in BJT Op AMps is never Rail to Rail. So this needs an offset bias for input to work. Differential input voltage will always be 0V when output is not saturated to either rail. But here Common Mode voltage = V+/2.

Check IC supply specs for useful range.

If using an R or G or B LED as a photo detector, observe specs are -V Absolute max. Compare sensitivity with the PD and selectivity to colours.

^{simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab}

Sensitivity and slew rate (=0.35/BW) both change with feedback R. Suggested range is given.

"ON" time can be naturally much faster than Off time due to higher current and diode capacitance, C but depends also on Rf, time constant= C * Rf(=ΔV/ΔI) = τ(Tau) = R'C