Sprocket Science: Animating a Chain Drive System

JavaScript (ES6), 2557 1915 1897 1681 bytes

This isn't super-duper golfed really; it's minified - partly by hand - but that's nothing special. It could no doubt be shorter if I'd golfed it more before minifying, but I've spent (more than) enough time on this already.

Edit: Ok, so I spent more time on it and golfed the code more before minifying (very manually this time). The code's still using the same approach and overall structure, but even so I still ended up saving 642 bytes. Not too shabby, if I do say so myself. Probably missed some byte-saving opportunities, but at this point even I'm not sure how it works anymore. The only thing that's different in terms of output, is that it now uses slightly different colors that could be written more tersely.

Edit 2 (much later): Saved 18 bytes. Thanks to ConorO'Brien in the comments for pointing out the blindingly obvious that I'd totally missed.

Edit 3: So, I figured I'd reverse engineer my own code, because, frankly, I couldn't remember how I'd done it, and I lost the ungolfed versions. So I went through, and lo and behold found another 316 bytes to save by restructuring and doing some micro-golfing.

R=g=>{with(Math){V=(x,y,o)=>o={x,y,l:sqrt(x*x+y*y),a:v=>V(x+v.x,y+v.y),s:v=>o.a(v.m(-1)),m:f=>V(x*f,y*f),t:r=>V(x*cos(r)-y*sin(r),x*sin(r)+y*cos(r)),c:v=>x*v.y-y*v.x,toString:_=>x+','+y};a='appendChild',b='setAttribute';S=(e,a)=>Object.keys(a).map(n=>e[b](n,a[n]))&&e;T=(t,a)=>S(k.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',t),a);C=(e,a)=>S(e.cloneNode(),a);P=a=>T('path',(a.fill='none',a));w=h=-(x=y=1/0);G=g.map((a,g)=>(g=V(...a))&&(u=(g.r=a[2])+5,x=min(x,g.x-u),y=min(y,g.y-u),w=max(w,g.x+u),h=max(h,g.y+u))&&g);k=document;I=k[a].bind(k.body[a](T('svg',{width:w-x,height:h-y}))[a](T('g',{transform:`translate(${-x},${h})scale(1,-1)`})));L=(c)=>(h=G.length)&&G.map((g,i)=>c(G[i],G[i?i-1:h-1],G[(i+1)%h]))&&L;l='';L((g,p,n)=>g.f=p.s(g).c(n.s(g))>0)((g,a,n)=>{d=g.s(n),y=x=1/d.l;g.f!=n.f?(a=asin((g.r+n.r)*x),g.f?(x=-x,a=-a):(y=-y)):(a=asin((g.r-n.r)*x),g.f&&(x=y=-x,a=-a));t=d.t(a+PI/2);g.o=t.m(x*g.r).a(g);n.i=t.m(y*n.r).a(n)})((g,p,n)=>{z='#888';d=(l,s,e)=>`A${g.r},${g.r} 0 ${1*l},${1*s} ${e}`;e=(f,r)=>T('circle',{cx:g.x,cy:g.y,r,fill:f});g.k=p.o.s(n.i).l<g.i.s(g.o).l;w=d(g.k,!g.f,g.o);g.j=`${w}L${n.i}`;l+=g.j;I(e(z,g.r-1.5));g.g=I(P({d:`M${g.i}${w}${d(!g.k,!g.f,g.i)}`,stroke:z,'stroke-width':5}));g.h=I(C(g.g,{d:`M${g.i}${g.j}`,stroke:'#222'}));I(e('#666',g.r-4.5));I(e(z,3))});t=e=>e.getTotalLength(),u='stroke-dasharray',v='stroke-dashoffset',f=G[0];l=I(C(f.h,{d:'M'+f.i+l,'stroke-width':2}));s=f.w=t(l)/round(t(l)/(4*PI))/2;X=8*s;Y=f.v=0;L((g,p)=>{g.g[b](u,s);g.h[b](u,s);g==f||(g.w=p.w+t(p.h),g.v=p.v+t(p.h));g.g[b](v,g.w);g.h[b](v,g.v);g.h[a](C(g.g[a](T('animate',{attributeName:v,from:g.w+X,to:g.w+Y,repeatCount:'indefinite',dur:'1s'})),{from:g.v+X,to:g.v+Y}))})}}

The function above appends an SVG element (including animations) to the document. E.g. to display the 2nd test case:

R([[100, 100, 60],  [220, 100, 14]]);

Seems to work a treat - at least here in Chrome.

Try it in the snippet below (clicking the buttons will draw each of OP's test cases).

R=g=>{with(Math){V=(x,y,o)=>o={x,y,l:sqrt(x*x+y*y),a:v=>V(x+v.x,y+v.y),s:v=>o.a(v.m(-1)),m:f=>V(x*f,y*f),t:r=>V(x*cos(r)-y*sin(r),x*sin(r)+y*cos(r)),c:v=>x*v.y-y*v.x,toString:_=>x+','+y};a='appendChild',b='setAttribute';S=(e,a)=>Object.keys(a).map(n=>e[b](n,a[n]))&&e;T=(t,a)=>S(k.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',t),a);C=(e,a)=>S(e.cloneNode(),a);P=a=>T('path',(a.fill='none',a));w=h=-(x=y=1/0);G=g.map((a,g)=>(g=V(...a))&&(u=(g.r=a[2])+5,x=min(x,g.x-u),y=min(y,g.y-u),w=max(w,g.x+u),h=max(h,g.y+u))&&g);k=document;I=k[a].bind(k.body[a](T('svg',{width:w-x,height:h-y}))[a](T('g',{transform:`translate(${-x},${h})scale(1,-1)`})));L=(c)=>(h=G.length)&&G.map((g,i)=>c(G[i],G[i?i-1:h-1],G[(i+1)%h]))&&L;l='';L((g,p,n)=>g.f=p.s(g).c(n.s(g))>0)((g,a,n)=>{d=g.s(n),y=x=1/d.l;g.f!=n.f?(a=asin((g.r+n.r)*x),g.f?(x=-x,a=-a):(y=-y)):(a=asin((g.r-n.r)*x),g.f&&(x=y=-x,a=-a));t=d.t(a+PI/2);g.o=t.m(x*g.r).a(g);n.i=t.m(y*n.r).a(n)})((g,p,n)=>{z='#888';d=(l,s,e)=>`A${g.r},${g.r} 0 ${1*l},${1*s} ${e}`;e=(f,r)=>T('circle',{cx:g.x,cy:g.y,r,fill:f});g.k=p.o.s(n.i).l<g.i.s(g.o).l;w=d(g.k,!g.f,g.o);g.j=`${w}L${n.i}`;l+=g.j;I(e(z,g.r-1.5));g.g=I(P({d:`M${g.i}${w}${d(!g.k,!g.f,g.i)}`,stroke:z,'stroke-width':5}));g.h=I(C(g.g,{d:`M${g.i}${g.j}`,stroke:'#222'}));I(e('#666',g.r-4.5));I(e(z,3))});t=e=>e.getTotalLength(),u='stroke-dasharray',v='stroke-dashoffset',f=G[0];l=I(C(f.h,{d:'M'+f.i+l,'stroke-width':2}));s=f.w=t(l)/round(t(l)/(4*PI))/2;X=8*s;Y=f.v=0;L((g,p)=>{g.g[b](u,s);g.h[b](u,s);g==f||(g.w=p.w+t(p.h),g.v=p.v+t(p.h));g.g[b](v,g.w);g.h[b](v,g.v);g.h[a](C(g.g[a](T('animate',{attributeName:v,from:g.w+X,to:g.w+Y,repeatCount:'indefinite',dur:'1s'})),{from:g.v+X,to:g.v+Y}))})}}


// ========================
// Test code

var testCases = [
  [[0, 0, 16],  [100, 0, 16],  [100, 100, 12],  [50, 50, 24],  [0, 100, 12]],
  [[0, 0, 26],  [120, 0, 26]],
  [[100, 100, 60],  [220, 100, 14]],
  [[100, 100, 16],  [100, 0, 24],  [0, 100, 24],  [0, 0, 16]],
  [[0, 0, 60],  [44, 140, 16],  [-204, 140, 16],  [-160, 0, 60],  [-112, 188, 12], [-190, 300, 30],  [30, 300, 30],  [-48, 188, 12]],
  [[0, 128, 14],  [46.17, 63.55, 10],  [121.74, 39.55, 14],  [74.71, -24.28, 10], [75.24, -103.55, 14],  [0, -78.56, 10],  [-75.24, -103.55, 14],  [-74.71, -24.28, 10], [-121.74, 39.55, 14],  [-46.17, 63.55, 10]],
  [[367, 151, 12],  [210, 75, 36],  [57, 286, 38],  [14, 181, 32],  [91, 124, 18], [298, 366, 38],  [141, 3, 52],  [80, 179, 26],  [313, 32, 26],  [146, 280, 10], [126, 253, 8],  [220, 184, 24],  [135, 332, 8],  [365, 296, 50],  [248, 217, 8], [218, 392, 30]]
];

function clear() {
  var buttons = document.createElement('div');
  document.body.innerHTML = "";
  document.body.appendChild(buttons);
  testCases.forEach(function (data, i) {
    var button = document.createElement('button');
    button.innerHTML = String(i);
    button.onclick = function () {
      clear();
      R(data);
      return false;
    };
    buttons.appendChild(button);
  });
}

clear();

The code draws the chain and gear teeth as a dashed strokes. It then uses animate elements to animate the stroke-dashoffset attribute. The resulting SVG element is self-contained; there's no JS-driven animation or CSS styling.

To make things line up nicely, each gear's ring of teeth is actually drawn as a path consisting of two arcs, so the path can start right at the tangent point where the chain touches. This makes it a lot simpler to line it up.

Furthermore, it seems there's a lot of rounding errors when using SVG's dashed strokes. At least, that's what I saw; the longer the chain, the worse it'd mesh with each successive gear. So to minimize the issue, the chain is actually made up of several paths. Each path consists of an arcing segment around one gear and a straight line to the next gear. Their dash-offsets are calculated to match. The thin "inner" part of the chain, however, is just a single looping path, since it isn't animated.


C# 3566 bytes

Not golfed at all, but works (I think)

Ungolfed in edit history.

Uses Magick.NET to render gif.

class S{public float x,y,r;public bool c;public double i,o,a=0,l=0;public S(float X,float Y,float R){x=X;y=Y;r=R;}}class P{List<S>q=new List<S>();float x=float.MaxValue,X=float.MinValue,y=float.MaxValue,Y=float.MinValue,z=0,Z=0,N;int w=0,h=0;Color c=Color.FromArgb(32,32,32);Pen p,o;Brush b,n,m;List<PointF>C;double l;void F(float[][]s){p=new Pen(c,2);o=new Pen(c,5);b=new SolidBrush(c);n=new SolidBrush(Color.FromArgb(134,132,129));m=new SolidBrush(Color.FromArgb(100,99,97));for(int i=0;i<s.Length;i++){float[]S=s[i];q.Add(new S(S[0],S[1],S[2]));if(S[0]-S[2]<x)x=S[0]-S[2];if(S[1]-S[2]<y)y=S[1]-S[2];if(S[0]+S[2]>X)X=S[0]+S[2];if(S[1]+S[2]>Y)Y=S[1]+S[2];}q[0].c=true;z=-x+16;Z=-y+16;w=(int)(X-x+32);h=(int)(Y-y+32);for(int i=0;i<=q.Count;i++)H(q[i%q.Count],q[(i+1)%q.Count],q[(i+2)%q.Count]);C=new List<PointF>();for(int i=0;i<q.Count;i++){S g=q[i],k=q[(i+1)%q.Count];if(g.c)for(double a=g.i;a<g.i+D(g.o,g.i);a+=Math.PI/(2*g.r)){C.Add(new PointF((float)(g.x+z+g.r*Math.Cos(a)),(float)(g.y+Z+g.r*Math.Sin(a))));}else
for(double a=g.o+D(g.i,g.o);a>g.o;a-=Math.PI/(2*g.r)){C.Add(new PointF((float)(g.x+z+g.r*Math.Cos(a)),(float)(g.y+Z+g.r*Math.Sin(a))));}C.Add(new PointF((float)(g.x+z+g.r*Math.Cos(g.o)),(float)(g.y+Z+g.r*Math.Sin(g.o))));C.Add(new PointF((float)(k.x+z+k.r*Math.Cos(k.i)),(float)(k.y+Z+k.r*Math.Sin(k.i))));k.l=E(C);}l=E(C);N=(float)(K(l)/10.0);o.DashPattern=new float[]{N,N};double u=q[0].i;for(int i=0;i<q.Count;i++){S g=q[i];double L=g.l/(N*5);g.a=g.i+((1-(L%2))/g.r*Math.PI*2)*(g.c?1:-1);}List<MagickImage>I=new List<MagickImage>();for(int i=0;i<t;i++){using(Bitmap B=new Bitmap(w,h)){using(Graphics g=Graphics.FromImage(B)){g.Clear(Color.White);g.SmoothingMode=System.Drawing.Drawing2D.SmoothingMode.AntiAlias;foreach(S U in q){float R=U.x+z,L=U.y+Z,d=7+2*U.r;PointF[]f=new PointF[4];for(double a=(i*(4.0/t));a<2*U.r;a+=4){double v=U.a+((U.c?-a:a)/U.r*Math.PI),j=Math.PI/U.r*(U.c?1:-1),V=v+j,W=V+j,r=U.r+3.5;f[0]=new PointF(R,L);f[1]=new PointF(R+(float)(r*Math.Cos(v)),L+(float)(r*Math.Sin(v)));f[2]=new PointF(R+(float)(r*Math.Cos(V)),L+(float)(r*Math.Sin(V)));f[3]=new PointF(R+(float)(r*Math.Cos(W)),L+(float)(r*Math.Sin(W)));g.FillPolygon(n,f);}d=2*(U.r-1.5f);g.FillEllipse(n,R-d/2,L-d/2,d,d);d=2*(U.r-4.5f);g.FillEllipse(m,R-d/2,L-d/2,d,d);d=6;g.FillEllipse(n,R-d/2,L-d/2,d,d);}g.DrawLines(p,C.ToArray());o.DashOffset=(N*2.0f/t)*i;g.DrawLines(o,C.ToArray());B.RotateFlip(RotateFlipType.RotateNoneFlipY);B.Save(i+".png",ImageFormat.Png);I.Add(new MagickImage(B));}}}using(MagickImageCollection collection=new MagickImageCollection()){foreach(MagickImage i in I){i.AnimationDelay=5;collection.Add(i);}QuantizeSettings Q=new QuantizeSettings();Q.Colors=256;collection.Quantize(Q);collection.Optimize();collection.Write("1.gif");}}int t=5;double D(double a,double b){double P=Math.PI,r=a-b;while(r<0)r+=2*P;return r%(2*P);}double E(List<PointF> c){double u=0;for(int i=0;i<c.Count-1;i++){PointF s=c[i];PointF t=c[i+1];double x=s.X-t.X,y=s.Y-t.Y;u+=Math.Sqrt(x*x+y*y);}return u;}double K(double L){double P=4*Math.PI;int i=(int)(L/P);float a=(float)L/i,b=(float)L/(i+1);if(Math.Abs(P-a)<Math.Abs(P-b))return a;return b;}void H(S a,S b,S c){double A=0,r=0,d=b.x-a.x,e=b.y-a.y,f=Math.Atan2(e,d)+Math.PI/2,g=Math.Atan2(e,d)-Math.PI/2,h=Math.Atan2(-e,-d)-Math.PI/2,i=Math.Atan2(-e,-d)+Math.PI/2;double k=c.x-b.x,n=c.y-b.y,l=Math.Sqrt(d*d+e*e);A=D(Math.Atan2(n,k),Math.Atan2(-e,-d));bool x=A>Math.PI!=a.c;b.c=x!=a.c;if(a.r!=b.r)r=a.r+(x?b.r:-b.r);f-=Math.Asin(r/l);g+=Math.Asin(r/l);h+=Math.Asin(r/l);i-=Math.Asin(r/l);b.i=x==a.c?h:i;a.o=a.c?g:f;}}

Class P has a function F; Example:

static void Main(string[]a){
P p=new P();
float[][]s=new float[][]{
new float[]{10,200,20},
new float[]{240,200,20},
new float[]{190,170,10},
new float[]{190,150,10},
new float[]{210,120,20},
new float[]{190,90,10},
new float[]{160,0,20},
new float[]{130,170,10},
new float[]{110,170,10},
new float[]{80,0,20},
new float[]{50,170,10}
};
p.F(s);}

enter image description here


JavaScript (ES6) 1626 bytes

This solution is the result of reverse engineering of @Flambino's solution, I post it with his accord.

R=g=>{with(Math){v='stroke';j=v+'-dasharray';q=v+'-dashoffset';m='appendChild';n='getTotalLength';b='setAttribute';z='#888';k=document;V=(x,y,r,o)=>o={x,y,r,l:sqrt(x*x+y*y),a:v=>V(x+v.x,y+v.y),s:v=>o.a(v.m(-1)),m:f=>V(x*f,y*f),t:r=>V(x*cos(r)-y*sin(r),x*sin(r)+y*cos(r)),c:v=>x*v.y-y*v.x,toString:_=>x+','+y};S=(e,a)=>Object.keys(a).map(n=>e[b](n,a[n]))&&e;T=(t,a)=>S(k.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',t),a);C=(e,a)=>S(e.cloneNode(),a);w=h=-(x=y=1/0);G=g.map((a,g)=>(g=V(...a))&&(u=(g.r=a[2])+5,x=min(x,g.x-u),y=min(y,g.y-u),w=max(w,g.x+u),h=max(h,g.y+u))&&g);f=G[0];w-=x;h-=y;s=T('svg',{width:w,height:h,viewBox:x+' '+y+' '+w+' '+h,transform:'scale(1,-1)'});c='';L=(c)=>(h=G.length)&&G.map((g,i)=>c(G[i],G[(h+i-1)%h],G[(i+1)%h]))&&L;L((g,p,n)=>g.w=(p.s(g).c(n.s(g))>0))((g,p,n)=>{d=g.s(n),y=x=1/d.l;g.w!=n.w?(p=asin((g.r+n.r)*x),g.w?(x=-x,p=-p):(y=-y)):(p=asin((g.r-n.r)*x),g.w&&(x=y=-x,p=-p));t=d.t(p+PI/2);g.o=t.m(x*g.r).a(g);n.i=t.m(y*n.r).a(n)})((g,p,n)=>{l=(p.o.s(n.i).l<g.i.s(g.o).l);d=(l,e)=>`A${g.r} ${g.r} 0 ${+l} ${+!g.w} ${e}`;a=d(l,g.o);e=(f,r)=>T('circle',{cx:g.x,cy:g.y,r,fill:f});c+=a+'L'+n.i;s[m](e(z,g.r-1.5));s[m](e('#666',g.r-4.5));s[m](e(z,3));g.p=s[m](C(g.e=s[m](T('path',{d:'M'+g.i+a+d(!l,g.i),fill:'none',[v]:z,[v+'-width']:5})),{d:'M'+g.i+a+'L'+n.i,[v]:'#222'}))});c=C(f.p,{d:'M'+f.i+c,[v+'-width']:2});g=c[n]();y=8*(x=g/round(g/(4*PI))/2);f.g=x;f.h=0;L((g,p)=>{g!=f&&(g.g=p.g+p.p[n](),g.h=p.h+p.p[n]());S(g.p,{[j]:x,[q]:g.h})[m](C(S(g.e,{[j]:x,[q]:g.g})[m](T('animate',{attributeName:[q],from:g.g+y,to:g.g,repeatCount:'indefinite',dur:'1s'})),{from:g.h+y,to:g.h}))});k.body[m](s)[m](c)}}

The ungolfed version:

class Vector {

    constructor(x, y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.length = Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y);
    }

    add(vector) {

        return new Vector(this.x + vector.x, this.y + vector.y);
    }

    subtract(vector) {

        return new Vector(this.x - vector.x, this.y - vector.y);
    }

    multiply(scalar) {

        return new Vector(this.x * scalar, this.y * scalar);
    }

    rotate(radians) {

        const cos = Math.cos(radians);
        const sin = Math.sin(radians);

        return new Vector(this.x * cos - this.y * sin, this.x * sin + this.y * cos);
    }

    cross(vector) {

        return this.x * vector.y - this.y * vector.x;
    }

    toString() {

        return `${this.x},${this.y}`;
    }
}

class Gear {

    constructor(x, y, radius) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.radius = radius;
    }

    getVector() {

        return new Vector(this.x, this.y);
    }
}

const setAttributes = (element, attributes) => {

    Object.keys(attributes).forEach((attribute) => {
        element.setAttribute(attribute, attributes[attribute]);
    });
};

const createElement = (tagName, attributes) => {

    const element = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', tagName);

    setAttributes(element, attributes);

    return element;
};

const cloneElement = (element, attributes) => {

    const clone = element.cloneNode();

    setAttributes(clone, attributes);

    return clone;
};

const createPath = (attributes) => {

    return createElement('path', {
        ...attributes,
        fill: 'none'
    });
};

const createCircle = (cx, cy, r, fill) => {

    return createElement('circle', {
        cx,
        cy,
        r,
        fill
    });
};

const loopGears = (gears, callback) => {

    const length = gears.length;

    gears.forEach((gear, index) => {

        const prevGear = gears[(length + index - 1) % length];
        const nextGear = gears[(index + 1) % length];

        callback(gear, prevGear, nextGear);
    });
};

const arcDescription = (radius, largeArcFlag, sweepFlag, endVector) => {

    return `A${radius} ${radius} 0 ${+largeArcFlag} ${+sweepFlag} ${endVector}`;
};

const renderGears = (data) => {

    let x = Infinity;
    let y = Infinity;
    let w = -Infinity;
    let h = -Infinity;

    const gears = data.map((params) => {

        const gear = new Gear(...params);
        const unit = params[2] + 5;

        x = Math.min(x, gear.x - unit);
        y = Math.min(y, gear.y - unit);
        w = Math.max(w, gear.x + unit);
        h = Math.max(h, gear.y + unit);

        return gear;
    });

    const firstGear = gears[0];

    w -= x;
    h -= y;

    const svg = createElement('svg', {
        width: w,
        height: h,
        viewBox: `${x} ${y} ${w} ${h}`,
        transform: `scale(1,-1)`
    });

    let chainPath = '';

    loopGears(gears, (gear, prevGear, nextGear) => {

        const gearVector = gear.getVector();
        const prevGearVector = prevGear.getVector().subtract(gearVector);
        const nextGearVector = nextGear.getVector().subtract(gearVector);

        gear.sweep = (prevGearVector.cross(nextGearVector) > 0);
    });

    loopGears(gears, (gear, prevGear, nextGear) => {

        const diffVector = gear.getVector().subtract(nextGear.getVector());

        let angle = 0;
        let x = 1 / diffVector.length;
        let y = x;

        if (gear.sweep === nextGear.sweep) {

            angle = Math.asin((gear.radius - nextGear.radius) * x);

            if (gear.sweep) {
                x = -x;
                y = -y;
                angle = -angle;
            }
        } else {

            angle = Math.asin((gear.radius + nextGear.radius) * x);

            if (gear.sweep) {
                x = -x;
                angle = -angle;
            } else {
                y = -y;
            }
        }

        const perpendicularVector = diffVector.rotate(angle + Math.PI / 2);

        gear.out = perpendicularVector.multiply(x * gear.radius).add(gear.getVector());
        nextGear.in = perpendicularVector.multiply(y * nextGear.radius).add(nextGear.getVector());
    });

    loopGears(gears, (gear, prevGear, nextGear) => {

        const largeArcFlag = (prevGear.out.subtract(nextGear.in).length < gear.in.subtract(gear.out).length);
        const arcPath = arcDescription(gear.radius, largeArcFlag, !gear.sweep, gear.out);

        const gearExterior = createCircle(gear.x, gear.y, gear.radius - 1.5, '#888');
        const gearInterior = createCircle(gear.x, gear.y, gear.radius - 4.5, '#666');
        const gearCenter = createCircle(gear.x, gear.y, 3, '#888');

        const gearTeeth = createPath({
            d: `M${gear.in}${arcPath}${arcDescription(gear.radius, !largeArcFlag, !gear.sweep, gear.in)}`,
            stroke: '#888',
            'stroke-width': 5
        });

        const chainParts = cloneElement(gearTeeth, {
            d: `M${gear.in}${arcPath}L${nextGear.in}`,
            stroke: '#222'
        });

        gear.teeth = gearTeeth;
        gear.chainParts = chainParts;

        chainPath += `${arcPath}L${nextGear.in}`;

        svg.appendChild(gearExterior);
        svg.appendChild(gearInterior);
        svg.appendChild(gearCenter);
        svg.appendChild(gearTeeth);
        svg.appendChild(chainParts);
    });

    const chain = cloneElement(firstGear.chainParts, {
        d: 'M' + firstGear.in + chainPath,
        'stroke-width': 2
    });

    const chainLength = chain.getTotalLength();
    const chainUnit = chainLength / Math.round(chainLength / (4 * Math.PI)) / 2;
    const animationOffset = 8 * chainUnit;

    loopGears(gears, (gear, prevGear) => {

        if (gear === firstGear) {
            gear.teethOffset = chainUnit;
            gear.chainOffset = 0;
        } else {
            gear.teethOffset = prevGear.teethOffset + prevGear.chainParts.getTotalLength();
            gear.chainOffset = prevGear.chainOffset + prevGear.chainParts.getTotalLength();
        }

        setAttributes(gear.teeth, {
            'stroke-dasharray': chainUnit,
            'stroke-dashoffset': gear.teethOffset
        });

        setAttributes(gear.chainParts, {
            'stroke-dasharray': chainUnit,
            'stroke-dashoffset': gear.chainOffset
        });

        const animate = createElement('animate', {
            attributeName: 'stroke-dashoffset',
            from: gear.teethOffset + animationOffset,
            to: gear.teethOffset,
            repeatCount: 'indefinite',
            dur: '1s'
        });

        const cloneAnimate = cloneElement(animate, {
            from: gear.chainOffset + animationOffset,
            to: gear.chainOffset
        });

        gear.teeth.appendChild(animate);
        gear.chainParts.appendChild(cloneAnimate);
    });

    svg.appendChild(chain);
    document.body.appendChild(svg);
};

var testCases = [
    [[0, 0, 16],  [100, 0, 16],  [100, 100, 12],  [50, 50, 24],  [0, 100, 12]],
    [[0, 0, 26],  [120, 0, 26]],
    [[100, 100, 60],  [220, 100, 14]],
    [[100, 100, 16],  [100, 0, 24],  [0, 100, 24],  [0, 0, 16]],
    [[0, 0, 60],  [44, 140, 16],  [-204, 140, 16],  [-160, 0, 60],  [-112, 188, 12], [-190, 300, 30],  [30, 300, 30],  [-48, 188, 12]],
    [[0, 128, 14],  [46.17, 63.55, 10],  [121.74, 39.55, 14],  [74.71, -24.28, 10], [75.24, -103.55, 14],  [0, -78.56, 10],  [-75.24, -103.55, 14],  [-74.71, -24.28, 10], [-121.74, 39.55, 14],  [-46.17, 63.55, 10]],
    [[367, 151, 12],  [210, 75, 36],  [57, 286, 38],  [14, 181, 32],  [91, 124, 18], [298, 366, 38],  [141, 3, 52],  [80, 179, 26],  [313, 32, 26],  [146, 280, 10], [126, 253, 8],  [220, 184, 24],  [135, 332, 8],  [365, 296, 50],  [248, 217, 8], [218, 392, 30]]
];

function clear() {
    var buttons = document.createElement('div');
    document.body.innerHTML = "";
    document.body.appendChild(buttons);
    testCases.forEach(function (data, i) {
        var button = document.createElement('button');
        button.innerHTML = String(i);
        button.onclick = function () {
            clear();
            renderGears(data);
            return false;
        };
        buttons.appendChild(button);
    });
}

clear();