STL container with a specific type as a generic argument

You can make foo a function template taking a template template parameter for the container type.

e.g.

template<template<typename...> typename C>
void foo(const C<std::string> &cont)
{
   for(std::string val: cont) {
      std::cout << val << std::endl;
   }
}

LIVE

Depending on if you want to overload foo for other cases or not

// Doesn't participate in overload resolution when not applicable
template<typename Container, typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<typename Container::value_type, std::string>>>
void foo(const Container &cont) {
   for(std::string val: cont) {
      std::cout << val << std::endl;
   }
}

// simpler
template<typename Container>
void foo(const Container &cont) {
   static_assert(std::is_same_v<typename Container::value_type, std::string>, "Container must contain std::string")
   for(std::string val: cont) {
      std::cout << val << std::endl;
   }
}

You might use a different test to std::is_same, such as std::is_convertible to allow

std::vector<char *> c_strings;
foo(c_strings);