Supervisor announced he's going to present my work without asking permission, how can I get credited without damaging my career?

You should initially react positively. It is part of a supervisor's job to promote the student's work. Possibly this is what the supervisor is trying to do, but the supervisor failed to explain what is going on.

He has given general advice once every two weeks

To me that sounds like the level of input that changes "my work" to "our work". While you should get credit for it, referring to it as your work and denying your supervisor the credit he deserves would be just as wrong as him denying you credit. Rushing to "publish" the work as yours is not a good idea since you and your supervisor are have both contributed to the work.

Conferences work differently across fields, and even within fields. There are some conference presentations that are clearly presenting new work and proper co-authorship rules need to be followed. There are also conference presentations that focus on the past, and possibly current and future, work of a particular PI. You can think of these as review presentations. A review has an author (or set of authors) who has conducted the review. People who have done the work being reviewed are not authors (unless of course they are also doing the review).

If your advisor is simply reviewing the work (both published and unpublished) in his lab, you should not be an author. You should, however, be credited/referenced when he talks about the work you have been involved with, just as he should credit/reference other people when he talks about their work. Having your work talked about in a review is ultimately a good thing.

If you have concerns about how he is going to credit/reference you or him leaking critical material you do not want made public yet, you need to talk to your advisor. I would not approach him, however, as if he has done something wrong. While there are advisors who steal the work of their students, if that is the situation, you have a lot more to worry about than a single conference talk.