The middle-square method

Pure bash, 162 131 116 113 107

Saved 3 bytes by using $c...

Thanks @Dennis for help me to save 6 more bytes.

---- begin middleSquare ----

for((b=$1;i[c=10#$b]<2;)){ a=${#b}
printf -v b %0$[a*2]d $[c*c]
b=${b:a/2:a};((i[10#$b]++))
};echo ${#i[@]}

---- end middleSquare ----

for testCase in 24 82 123456 8989 789987 111111;do
    printf "%12s: " $testCase
    bash middleSquare $testCase
  done
          24: 2
          82: 5
      123456: 146
        8989: 68
      789987: 226
      111111: 374

Square formated, 131

---- begin middleSquare ----

for((b=$1;i[
10#$b]<2;1))
do a="${#b}" 
printf -v b\
 %0$[a*2]d \
$[10#$b**2];
b=${b:a/2:a}
((i[10#$b]++
));done;ech\
o ${#i[@]:0}

---- end middleSquare ----

for testCase in 24 82 123456 8989 789987 111111;do
    printf "%12s: %9d\n" $testCase $(
        bash middleSquare $testCase)
  done
          24:         2
          82:         5
      123456:       146
        8989:        68
      789987:       226
      111111:       374

Old but with fancy output, 162

---- begin middleSquare ----

for((b=$1;i[10#$b
]<2;1))do a=${#b}
printf -v b %0$[a
*2]d  $[10#$b**2]
b=${b:a/2:a};((i[
10#$b]++));print\
f "%9d %s\n" ${#\
i[@]} $b;done;ec\
ho -- ${#i[@]} --

---- end middleSquare ----

bash middleSquare 24
        1 57
        2 24
        2 57
-- 2 --

for testCase in 24 82 123456 8989 789987 111111
    do while read f v f
        do r=$v;done < <(
        bash middleSquare $testCase)
    printf "%12s: %11d\n" $testCase $r
  done
          24:           2
          82:           5
      123456:         146
        8989:          68
      789987:         226
      111111:         374

Python 3 2, 139 114 97 bytes

Thanks to Seeq for golfing off 25 bytes and thanks to Dennis for golfing off 17 bytes! Code:

s=`input()`;u=[];l=len(s)/2
while not s in u:u+=[s];s=`int(s)**2`.zfill(l*4)[l:3*l]
print~-len(u)

Can definitely be golfed further. This was also the code used to make the test cases :P.

JavaScript (ES7), 82 bytes

f=(n,p={},m=-1,l=n.length)=>p[n]?m:f(`${n*n+100**l}`.substr(l/2+1,l,p[n]=1),p,++m)

Accepts input in the form of a string, e.g. "82", and returns an integer. Simple tail recursive technique to check each seed in turn against a hash of seeds that have already been seen. I add 100**l to the square to ensure a consistent length.