Theorem/Definition/Lemma problem --- Numbering
Similar to the solution at this question and section 3 of the amsthm documentation:
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}[chapter] % reset theorem numbering for each chapter
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{defn}[thm]{Definition} % definition numbers are dependent on theorem numbers
\newtheorem{exmp}[thm]{Example} % same for example numbers
\newcommand{\chaptercontent}{
\section{Basics}
\begin{defn}Here is a new definition.\end{defn}
\begin{thm}Here is a new theorem.\end{thm}
\begin{thm}Here is a new theorem.\end{thm}
\begin{exmp}Here is a good example.\end{exmp}
\subsection{Some tips}
\begin{defn}Here is a new definition.\end{defn}
\section{Advanced stuff}
\begin{defn}Here is a new definition.\end{defn}
\subsection{Warnings}
\begin{defn}Here is a new definition.\end{defn}
}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\part{Addition and Subtraction}
\chapter{Addition} \chaptercontent
\chapter{Subtraction} \chaptercontent
\part{Multiplication and Division}
\chapter{Multiplication} \chaptercontent
\chapter{Division} \chaptercontent
\end{document}
You can do something like this
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{claim}[theorem]{Claim}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture}
\newtheorem*{observation}{Observation}
\newtheorem*{example}{Example}
\newtheorem*{remark}{Remark}