Type trait: Check if class have specific function (maybe inherit)

Here is a way to do it (work for your 4 test cases, did not test it intensively though), thanks @Jarod42 for the improvement (see initial answer at the end):

template <typename T>
int call_foo (int (T::*)(float));

template <typename C>
std::true_type has_foo(decltype(call_foo(&C::foo)));

template <typename C>
std::false_type has_foo (...);    

template<typename T>
using HasFoo = decltype(has_foo<T>(0));

The problem with your code was that you were expecting U::* whereas &B::foo is A::* (not B::*). Here I let the compiler choose the value of T by using implicit type deduction so I don't run into such issue.

The code works as follow:

• If T does not have a foo member, then the compiler will choose the second overload of has_foo.
• If T does have a foo member, the compiler will try the first overload but will fail since there is no matching call_foo function so it will again choose the second one and make a std::false_type.

Working code on ideone: http://ideone.com/erh93I.

You can put everything in a class if you want:

template <typename T>
class HasFoo {

    template <typename C>
    static int call_foo (int (C::*)(float));

    template <typename C>
    static std::true_type has_foo (decltype(call_foo(&C::foo)));

    template <typename C>
    static std::false_type has_foo (...);

public:
    static constexpr bool value = decltype(has_foo<T>(0)){};
};

Here is one old school C++03 way of doing it. Typically it can be used as a utility and get it molded for any method or variable.

#define HasMember(NAME) \
  template<class Class, typename Type = void> \
  struct HasMember_##NAME \
  { \
    typedef char (&yes)[2]; \
    template<unsigned long> struct exists; \
    template<typename V> static yes Check (exists<sizeof(static_cast<Type>(&V::NAME))>*); \
    template<typename> static char Check (...); \
    static const bool value = (sizeof(Check<Class>(0)) == sizeof(yes)); \
  }; \
  template<class Class> \
  struct HasMember_##NAME<Class, void> \
  { \
    typedef char (&yes)[2]; \
    template<unsigned long> struct exists; \
    template<typename V> static yes Check (exists<sizeof(&V::NAME)>*); \
    template<typename> static char Check (...); \
    static const bool value = (sizeof(Check<Class>(0)) == sizeof(yes)); \
  }

Instantiate:

HasMember(Foo);

Usage:

HasMember_Foo<B>::value  // without type (but then no overload allowed)
HasMember_Foo<C, int (C::*)(float)>::value  // needs type

Note that, here I am providing two HasMember_Foos, 1 with type and 1 without type. They are generalized for any type (not just specific to int (X::*)(float)). If there is no type mentioned, then the class must have only 1 such method (without overload). Hence, it's always safer to mention the type; As you have done in your question, the specific type is int (X::*)(float). BTW, this also can be included using another macro.
Without such extra macro, in case of class C and class D, you may have to specify the type of the method.

Here is a demo with your code.

---

Here it's assumed that whichever class member (function or variable) is chosen, must be public scoped. i.e. If X::foo is private then this solution will not work.