Units of a log of a physical quantity

Overall, the argument $x$ of $\ln(x)$ must be unitless, and a log transformed quantity must be unitless. If $x = 0.5$ is measured in some units, say, seconds, then taking the log actually means $\ln(0.5s/1s) = \ln(0.5)$. See this for more information about other transcendental functions. Hope this helps.

Logarithm of a quantity really only makes sense if the quantity is dimensionless, and then the result is also a dimensionless number. So what you really plot is not $\log(y)$ but $\log(y/y_0)$ where $y_0$ is some reference quantity in the same units as $y$ (in this case $y_0 = $1 Volt). Similarly for $\exp$ and $\sin$.

In the expression $\ln{x}$, $x$ must be unitless.

This is because the log function is a series with x raised to differing powers. For instance:

$$-\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}{\frac{(-1)^k(-1+x)^k}{k}}$$ for $$|-1 + x| < 1$$

Let's say $x$ had units of meters (for example). Then the first term in the series would have units of meters, the second term units of square meters, 3rd term in cubic meters, etc. You can't add quantities with differing powers of units, thus $x$ must be unit-less.

The same argument applies for $|-1+x|\not<1$.