unowned vs. weak. Why we should prefer unowned?

Weak references are automatically set to nil once the object they point to gets deallocated. For this to be possible in Swift, those must be declared as var and optional:

class SomeOtherClass {
    weak var weakProperty: SomeClass?
}

This is fine if the weakProperty can become nil while the instance of SomeOtherClass is still alive and we want to check for that before using it (delegates are one such example). But what if some reference should never logically be nil and we still want to prevent a retain cycle? In Objective-C any object reference can be nil (and messaging nil always fails silently) so there is no dilemma, we always use weak. But Swift doesn't have nilable references at all. We use optionals for something that can semantically lack value. But we shouldn't be forced to use optionals for something that must always have value, just to be able to break a retain cycle. Such practice would go against the intended semantics of optionals.

That's where unowned comes in. It comes in two flavours - unowned(safe) and unowned(unsafe). The latter is dangerous and it's equivalent to assign and unsafe_unretained from Objective-C. But the former, which is the default one (at least while debugging; not sure if they optimise it to unowned(unsafe) in release builds), will reliably crash your app if the referenced object gets prematurely deallocated. Sure, your app will crash if something goes wrong, but that's much easier to debug than failing silently. It should only fail silently when you actually want that (in which case you would use weak)

Swift strong, weak, unowned reference

[Objective-C property attributes]

ARC - Automatic Reference Counting is a mechanism which manages a memory, which is applicable for reference type^[About]. An object is deallocated only when there are 0 references on it.

Strong reference - is set by default and it is safe to use this type in a linear relationships(there is no loop)

Retain cycle - it is a situation when each of who objects has a strong reference on each other

Break a Retain cycle: weak and unowned. Both of them does not increase an object's retain count by +1, and have next differences

Weak reference - When a references object is deallocated(is nil), ARC set a weak reference to nil too. That is why weak reference is a variable var(can not be a constant let)^{[var vs let]} and that is why it is an optional

weak var delegate: <Type>?

GENERAL

unowned - When a references object is deallocated(is nil), the unowned does not become a nil because ARC does not set it. That is why unowned reference is non-optional

unowned(by default)

safe unowned - uses runtime safety check to throw an exception if unowned reference was deallocated.

Fatal error: Attempted to read an unowned reference but object 0x7fa5dad3f0f0 was already deallocated

unowned(unsafe)

unowned(unsafe) operates by UnsafePointer that can create a dangling pointer. __unsafe_unretained from Objective-C. It is a kind of direct memory access which ARC does not handle. It can produce unexpected behaviour, not just some crash. It has better performance

EXC_BAD_ACCESS

[EXC_BAD_ACCESS]
[Closure sample]