USB device is not responding to set address

While, as the OP told, some USB hubs have an additional protocol allowing to power off a single port, thus easily solving the problem with the use of uhubctl, most USB hubs, internal included, have no such control.

What is still possible in Linux is to ask the kernel to disable the use of an USB device by writing 0 to the authorized control file of this device in the /sys/bus/usb/devices tree. For a device that behaves normally, this would solve the problem, but not for a device that is disconnecting and connecting back all the time.

Still, when any USB hub is thus disabled, it will disable and power off all its ports. So disabling the USB hub where the device is connected will effectively disable and power off the misconducting device. If the loss of any other connected device to this hub is acceptable then that's a possible method.

Writing back 1 to the authorized file will again enable the device, and for a hub, power back on its ports, powering back any connected device.

Example:

# cat /sys/bus/usb/devices/2-1/product
USB2.0 Hub
# echo 0 > /sys/bus/usb/devices/2-1/authorized
# dmesg|tail -1
[226616.900051] usb 2-1.3: USB disconnect, device number 30

usb 2-1.3 was a keyboard and its LEDs go off.

# echo 1 > /sys/bus/usb/devices/2-1/authorized
# dmesg|fgrep 2-1|tail -10
[227055.203089] hub 2-1:1.0: USB hub found
[227055.204441] hub 2-1:1.0: 4 ports detected
[227055.213891] usb 2-1: authorized to connect
[227055.405342] usb 2-1.3: new low-speed USB device number 41 using xhci_hcd
[227055.511969] usb 2-1.3: New USB device found, idVendor=413c, idProduct=2113, bcdDevice= 1.08
[227055.511975] usb 2-1.3: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[227055.511978] usb 2-1.3: Product: Dell KB216 Wired Keyboard
[227055.520754] input: Dell KB216 Wired Keyboard as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.3/2-1.3:1.0/0003:413C:2113.001A/input/input136
[227055.583032] input: Dell KB216 Wired Keyboard System Control as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.3/2-1.3:1.1/0003:413C:2113.001B/input/input137
[227055.641748] input: Dell KB216 Wired Keyboard Consumer Control as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb2/2-1/2-1.3/2-1.3:1.1/0003:413C:2113.001B/input/input138