Using Either to process failures in Scala code

Scalaz library has something alike Either named Validation. It is more idiomatic than Either for use as "get either a valid result or a failure".

Validation also allows to accumulate errors.

Edit: "alike" Either is complettly false, because Validation is an applicative functor, and scalaz Either, named \/ (pronounced "disjonction" or "either"), is a monad. The fact that Validation can accumalate errors is because of that nature. On the other hand, / has a "stop early" nature, stopping at the first -\/ (read it "left", or "error") it encounters. There is a perfect explanation here: http://typelevel.org/blog/2014/02/21/error-handling.html

See: http://scalaz.googlecode.com/svn/continuous/latest/browse.sxr/scalaz/example/ExampleValidation.scala.html

As requested by the comment, copy/paste of the above link (some lines removed):

// Extracting success or failure values
val s: Validation[String, Int] = 1.success
val f: Validation[String, Int] = "error".fail

// It is recommended to use fold rather than pattern matching:
val result: String = s.fold(e => "got error: " + e, s => "got success: " + s.toString)

s match {
  case Success(a) => "success"
  case Failure(e) => "fail"
}

// Validation is a Monad, and can be used in for comprehensions.
val k1 = for {
  i <- s
  j <- s
} yield i + j
k1.toOption assert_≟ Some(2)

// The first failing sub-computation fails the entire computation.
val k2 = for {
  i <- f
  j <- f
} yield i + j
k2.fail.toOption assert_≟ Some("error")

// Validation is also an Applicative Functor, if the type of the error side of the validation is a Semigroup.
// A number of computations are tried. If the all success, a function can combine them into a Success. If any
// of them fails, the individual errors are accumulated.

// Use the NonEmptyList semigroup to accumulate errors using the Validation Applicative Functor.
val k4 = (fNel <**> fNel){ _ + _ }
k4.fail.toOption assert_≟ some(nel1("error", "error"))

The snippet you posted seems very contrived. You use Either in a situation where:

1. It's not enough to just know the data isn't available.
2. You need to return one of two distinct types.

Turning an exception into a Left is, indeed, a common use case. Over try/catch, it has the advantage of keeping the code together, which makes sense if the exception is an expected result. The most common way of handling Either is pattern matching:

result match {
  case Right(res) => ...
  case Left(res) => ...
}

Another interesting way of handling Either is when it appears in a collection. When doing a map over a collection, throwing an exception might not be viable, and you may want to return some information other than "not possible". Using an Either enables you to do that without overburdening the algorithm:

val list = (
  library 
  \\ "books" 
  map (book => 
    if (book \ "author" isEmpty) 
      Left(book) 
    else 
      Right((book \ "author" toList) map (_ text))
  )
)

Here we get a list of all authors in the library, plus a list of books without an author. So we can then further process it accordingly:

val authorCount = (
  (Map[String,Int]() /: (list filter (_ isRight) map (_.right.get))) 
   ((map, author) => map + (author -> (map.getOrElse(author, 0) + 1)))
  toList
)
val problemBooks = list flatMap (_.left.toSeq) // thanks to Azarov for this variation

So, basic Either usage goes like that. It's not a particularly useful class, but if it were you'd have seen it before. On the other hand, it's not useless either.

Either is used to return one of possible two meaningful results, unlike Option which is used to return a single meaningful result or nothing.

An easy to understand example is given below (circulated on the Scala mailing list a while back):

def throwableToLeft[T](block: => T): Either[java.lang.Throwable, T] =
  try {
    Right(block)
  } catch {
    case ex => Left(ex)
  }

As the function name implies, if the execution of "block" is successful, it will return "Right(<result>)". Otherwise, if a Throwable is thrown, it will return "Left(<throwable>)". Use pattern matching to process the result:

var s = "hello"
throwableToLeft { s.toUpperCase } match {
  case Right(s) => println(s)
  case Left(e) => e.printStackTrace
}
// prints "HELLO"

s = null
throwableToLeft { s.toUpperCase } match {
  case Right(s) => println(s)
  case Left(e) => e.printStackTrace
}
// prints NullPointerException stack trace

Hope that helps.