Using sprintf with std::string in C++

Your construct -- writing into the buffer received from c_str() -- is undefined behaviour, even if you checked the string's capacity beforehand. (The return value is a pointer to const char, and the function itself marked const, for a reason.)

Don't mix C and C++, especially not for writing into internal object representation. (That is breaking very basic OOP.) Use C++, for type safety and not running into conversion specifier / parameter mismatches, if for nothing else.

std::ostringstream s;
s << "Type=" << INDEX_RECORD_TYPE_SERIALIZATION_HEADER
  << " Version=" << FORMAT_VERSION
  // ...and so on...
  ;
std::string output = s.str();

Alternative:

std::string output = "Type=" + std::to_string( INDEX_RECORD_TYPE_SERIALIZATION_HEADER )
                   + " Version=" + std::to_string( FORMAT_VERSION )
                   // ...and so on...
                   ;

The C++ patterns shown in other answers are nicer, but for completeness, here is a correct way with sprintf:

auto format = "your %x format %d string %s";
auto size = std::snprintf(nullptr, 0, format /* Arguments go here*/);
std::string output(size + 1, '\0');
std::sprintf(&output[0], format, /* Arguments go here*/);

Pay attention to

• You must resize your string. reserve does not change the size of the buffer. In my example, I construct correctly sized string directly.
• c_str() returns a const char*. You may not pass it to sprintf.
• std::string buffer was not guaranteed to be contiguous prior to C++11 and this relies on that guarantee. If you need to support exotic pre-C++11 conforming platforms that use rope implementation for std::string, then you're probably better off sprinting into std::vector<char> first and then copying the vector to the string.
• This only works if the arguments are not modified between the size calculation and formatting; use either local copies of variables or thread synchronisation primitives for multi-threaded code.

We can mix code from here https://stackoverflow.com/a/36909699/2667451 and here https://stackoverflow.com/a/7257307 and result will be like that:

template <typename ...Args>
std::string stringWithFormat(const std::string& format, Args && ...args)
{
    auto size = std::snprintf(nullptr, 0, format.c_str(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    std::string output(size + 1, '\0');
    std::sprintf(&output[0], format.c_str(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    return output;
}