What are the implications of using /Zi vs /Z7 for Visual Studio C++ projects?

/Z7 keeps the debug info in the .obj files in CodeView format and lets the linker extract them into a .pdb while /Zi consolidates it into a common .pdb file during compilation already by sync'ing with mspdbsrv.exe.

So /Z7 means more file IO, disc space being used and more work for the linker (unless /DEBUG:FASTLINK is used) as there is lots of duplicate debug info in these obj files. But it also means every compilation is independent and thus can actually still be faster than /Zi with enough parallelization.

By now they've improved the /Zi situation though by reducing the inter-process communication with mspdbsrv.exe: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/zf

Another use-case of /Z7 is for "standalone" (though larger) static libraries that don't require shipping a separate .pdb if you want that. That also prevents the annoying issues arising from the awful default vcxxx.pdb name cl uses as long as you don't fix it with a proper https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/fd-program-database-file-name, which most people forget.

/ZI is like /Zi but adds additional data etc. to make the Edit and Continue feature work.

Codeview is a much older debugging format that was introduced with Microsoft's old standalone debugger back in the "Microsoft C Compiler" days of the mid-1980s. It takes up more space on disk and it takes longer for the debugger to parse, and it's a major pain to process during linking. We generated it from our compiler back when I was working on the CodeWarrior for Windows in 1998-2000.

The one advantage is that Codeview is a documented format, and other tools can often process it when they couldn't deal with PDB-format debug databases. Also, if you're building multiple files at a time, there's no contention to write into the debug database for the project. However, for most uses these days, using the PDB format is a big win, both in build time and especially in debugger startup time.

One advantage of the old C7 format is that it's all-in-one, stored in the EXE, instead of a separate PDB and EXE. This means you can never have a mismatch. The VS dev tools will make sure that a PDB matches its EXE before it will use it, but it's definitely simpler to have a single EXE with everything you need.

This adds new problems of needing to be able to strip debug info when you release, and the giant EXE file, not to mention the ancient format and lack of support for other modern features like minrebuild, but it can still be helpful when you're trying to keep things as simple as possible. One file is easier than two.

Not that I ever use C7 format, I'm just putting this out there as a possible advantage, since you're asking.

Incidentally, this is how GCC does things on a couple platforms I'm using. DWARF2 format buried in the output ELF's. Unix people think they're so hilarious. :)

BTW the PDB format can be parsed using the DIA SDK.