What does sgn mean?
Typically, $\operatorname{sgn}$ stands for the sign function $$\operatorname{sgn}(x) = \begin{cases} 1 & x > 0 \\ 0 & x = 0 \\ -1 & x < 0 \end{cases}.$$
Typically, $\operatorname{sgn}$ stands for the sign function $$\operatorname{sgn}(x) = \begin{cases} 1 & x > 0 \\ 0 & x = 0 \\ -1 & x < 0 \end{cases}.$$