What is primary and secondary clustering in hash?

Primary Clustering

1. Primary clustering is the tendency for a collision resolution scheme such as linear probing to create long runs of filled slots near the hash position of keys.
2. If the primary hash index is x, subsequent probes go to x+1, x+2, x+3 and so on, this results in Primary Clustering.
3. Once the primary cluster forms, the bigger the cluster gets, the faster it grows. And it reduces the performance.

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Secondary Clustering

1. Secondary clustering is the tendency for a collision resolution scheme such as quadratic probing to create long runs of filled slots away from the hash position of keys.
2. If the primary hash index is x, probes go to x+1, x+4, x+9, x+16, x+25 and so on, this results in Secondary Clustering.
3. Secondary clustering is less severe in terms of performance hit than primary clustering, and is an attempt to keep clusters from forming by using Quadratic Probing. The idea is to probe more widely separated cells, instead of those adjacent to the primary hash site.

Primary clustering means that if there is a cluster and the initial position of a new record would fall anywhere in the cluster the cluster size increases. Linear probing leads to this type of clustering.

Secondary clustering is less severe, two records do only have the same collision chain if their initial position is the same. For example quadratic probing leads to this type of clustering.