What is the best practice of docker + ufw under Ubuntu

Not saying solutions here are wrong, but they look a bit "terrifying" and error-prune for someone looking for a quick one-step instruction. I came with this problem recently as well, have read all the similar answers online, and have not found anything quick & clear at the time of writing. Surprisingly, my alternative solution is easy to comprehend and manage, and it works: just implement your firewall outside your host machine.

• Digital Ocean has stunning Firewalls for zero extra cost, WYSIWYG style.
• AWS offers Security Groups
• etc.

Treating Firewall as first-class citizen seems to have a lot of benefits.

I've had such problem like months ago and lately decided to describe the issue along with the solution on my blog. Here's the shortcut.

Using --iptables=false won't help you much with the case you described. It's simply not enough here. By default, none of your containers can do any outgoing connection.

There's a small step you're omitting on your way to have containers behind UFW here. You can use --iptables=false or create /etc/docker/daemon.json file with content as follows

{
  "iptables": false
}

the result will be the same, but the latter option requires you to restart whole docker service with service docker restart or even do a reboot if docker had a chance to add iptables rules before you disabled this function.

When it's done, just do two more things:

$ sed -i -e 's/DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="DROP"/DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="ACCEPT"/g' /etc/default/ufw
$ ufw reload

so you set up default forward policy in UFW for accept, and use:

$ iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING ! -o docker0 -s 172.17.0.0/16 -j MASQUERADE

That way what you're achieving is disabling docker messy behavior in your iptables rules and at the same time docker is provided with necessary routing so containers will do outgoing connections just fine. UFW rules will be still restricted from this point on, though.

Hope this resolves the issue for you and any that gets here in search of an answer.

I described the problem and solution more comprehensively at https://www.mkubaczyk.com/2017/09/05/force-docker-not-bypass-ufw-rules-ubuntu-16-04/

Problem

This problem has been around for a long time.

Disable iptables in Docker will take other problems.

Rollback changes first

If you have modified your server according to the current solution that we find on the internet, please rollback these changes first, including:

• Enable Docker's iptables feature. Remove all changes like --iptables=false , including configuration file /etc/docker/daemon.json.
• UFW's default FORWARD rule changes back to the default DROP instead of ACCEPT.
• Remove the rules related to the Docker network in the UFW configuration file /etc/ufw/after.rules.
• If you have modified Docker configuration files, restart Docker first. We will modify the UFW configuration later, and we can restart it then.

Solving UFW and Docker issues

This solution needs to modify only one UFW configuration file, all Docker configurations and options remain the default. Doesn't need to disable the docker iptables function.

Modify the UFW configuration file /etc/ufw/after.rules and add the following rules at the end of the file:

# BEGIN UFW AND DOCKER
*filter
:ufw-user-forward - [0:0]
:DOCKER-USER - [0:0]
-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN -s 10.0.0.0/8
-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN -s 172.16.0.0/12
-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN -s 192.168.0.0/16

-A DOCKER-USER -j ufw-user-forward

-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -d 192.168.0.0/16
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -d 10.0.0.0/8
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -d 172.16.0.0/12
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p udp -m udp --dport 0:32767 -d 192.168.0.0/16
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p udp -m udp --dport 0:32767 -d 10.0.0.0/8
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p udp -m udp --dport 0:32767 -d 172.16.0.0/12

-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN
COMMIT
# END UFW AND DOCKER

Using the command sudo systemctl restart ufw to restart UFW after changing the file. Now the public network can't access any published docker ports, the container and the private network can visit each other regularly, and the containers can also access the external network from inside.

If you want to allow public networks to access the services provided by the Docker container, for example, the service port of a container is 80. Run the following command to allow the public networks to access this service:

ufw route allow proto tcp from any to any port 80

This command allows the public network to access all published ports whose container port is 80.

Note: If we publish a port by using option -p 8080:80, we should use the container port 80, not the host port 8080.

If there are multiple containers with a service port of 80, but we only want the external network to access a particular container. For example, if the private address of the container is 172.17.0.2, use the following command:

ufw route allow proto tcp from any to 172.17.0.2 port 80

If the network protocol of service is UDP, for example, a DNS service, you can use the following command to allow the external network to access all published DNS services:

ufw route allow proto udp from any to any port 53

Similarly, if only for a specific container, such as IP address 172.17.0.2:

ufw route allow proto udp from any to 172.17.0.2 port 53

How it works?

The following rules allow the private networks to be able to visit each other. Typically, private networks are more trusted than public networks.

-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN -s 10.0.0.0/8
-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN -s 172.16.0.0/12
-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN -s 192.168.0.0/16

The following rules allow UFW to manage whether the public networks are allowed to visit the services provided by the Docker container. So that we can manage all firewall rules in one place.

-A DOCKER-USER -j ufw-user-forward

The following rules block connection requests initiated by all public networks, but allow internal networks to access external networks. For TCP protocol, it prevents from actively establishing a TCP connection from public networks. For UDP protocol, all accesses to ports which is less then 32767 are blocked. Why is this port? Since the UDP protocol is stateless, it is not possible to block the handshake signal that initiates the connection request as TCP does. For GNU/Linux we can find the local port range in the file /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range. The default range is 32768 60999. When accessing a UDP protocol service from a running container, the local port will be randomly selected one from the port range, and the server will return the data to this random port. Therefore, we can assume that the listening port of the UDP protocol inside all containers are less then 32768. This is the reason that we don't want public networks to access the UDP ports that less then 32768.

-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -d 192.168.0.0/16
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -d 10.0.0.0/8
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -d 172.16.0.0/12
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p udp -m udp --dport 0:32767 -d 192.168.0.0/16
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p udp -m udp --dport 0:32767 -d 10.0.0.0/8
-A DOCKER-USER -j DROP -p udp -m udp --dport 0:32767 -d 172.16.0.0/12

-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN

More

https://github.com/chaifeng/ufw-docker

sudo wget -O /usr/local/bin/ufw-docker https://github.com/chaifeng/ufw-docker/raw/master/ufw-docker
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/ufw-docker

Usage

ufw-docker help
ufw-docker install
ufw-docker status
ufw-docker allow webapp
ufw-docker allow webapp 80
ufw-docker allow webapp 53/udp
ufw-docker list webapp
ufw-docker delete allow webapp 80/tcp
ufw-docker delete allow webapp

---

Update: 2018-09-10

The reason for choosing ufw-user-forward, not ufw-user-input

using ufw-user-input

Pro:

Easy to use and understand, supports older versions of Ubuntu.

For example, to allow the public to visit a published port whose container port is 8080, use the command:

ufw allow 8080

Con:

It not only exposes ports of containers but also exposes ports of the host.

For example, if a service is running on the host, and the port is 8080. The command ufw allow 8080 allows the public network to visit the service and all published ports whose containers' port is 8080. But we just want to expose the service running on the host, or just the service running inside containers, not the both.

To avoid this problem, we may need to use a command similar to the following for all containers:

ufw allow proto tcp from any to 172.16.0.3 port 8080

using ufw-user-forward

Pro:

Cannot expose services running on hosts and containers at the same time by the same command.

For example, if we want to publish the port 8080 of containers, use the following command:

ufw route allow 8080

The public network can access all published ports whose container ports are 8080.

But the port 8080 of the host is still not be accessed by the public network. If we want to do so, execute the following command to allow the public access the port on the host separately:

ufw allow 8080

Con:

Doesn't support older versions of Ubuntu, and the command is a bit more complicated. But you can use my script https://github.com/chaifeng/ufw-docker.

Conclusion

If we are using an older version of Ubuntu, we can use ufw-user-input chain. But be careful to avoid exposing services that should not be exposed.

If we are using a newer version of Ubuntu which is support ufw route sub-command, we'd better use ufw-user-forward chain, and use ufw route command to manage firewall rules for containers.

---

Update: Oct 6, 2018

The script ufw-docker supports Docker Swarm now. Please see the latest code for more, https://github.com/chaifeng/ufw-docker

Install for Docker Swarm mode

We can only use this script on manager nodes to manage firewall rules when using in Swarm mode.

• Modifying all after.rules files on all nodes, including managers and workers
• Deploying this script on manager nodes

Running in Docker Swarm mode, this script will add a global service ufw-docker-agent. The image chaifeng/ufw-docker-agent is also automatically built from this project.