What is the difference between a zero operator, zero function, zero scalar, and zero vector?
The zero vector is a vector, i.e. a member of whatever vector space is under consideration. It has the property that adding it to any vector $\bf v$ in the vector space leaves $\bf v$ unchanged.
The zero scalar is a scalar, i.e. a member of the field that is part of the definition of the vector space (usually the real or complex numbers in an elementary linear algebra course). It has the property that multiplying any vector $\bf v$ by it gives the zero vector of the second vector space.
The zero operator is a linear operator, i.e. a linear map from a vector space to a vector space (possibly the same one). It has the property that it maps any member of the first vector space to the zero vector in the second vector space.
The zero functional is a linear functional, i.e. a linear map from a vector space to the scalars. It has the property that it maps any member of the vector space to the zero scalar.
In an algebraic context where there is a notion of addition, $0$ is the element such that
$$
x + 0 = x
$$
for every $x$.
If the context is the real numbers, then $0$ is just a number. If the context is the Euclidean coordinate plane, $0$ is the vector $(0,0)$. If the context is the set of real valued functions on the unit interval then $0$ is the function whose value at every point is $0$. If the context is the set of linear operators from one vector space to another then $0$ is the operator whose value at every point of the domain is the $0$ vector in the codomain.
So the meaning of the symbol "$0$" changes depending on the context. That's potentially confusing (which is why you are asking the question.) The advantage in using the same symbol in these different contexts is that it's easy to associate that symbol with its behavior: it's the additive identity.
A pedantic answer would be that those differences are not defined, since subtraction requires two operands of the same type, and those values all have different types. As a matter of good habit, one does not even start considering values in algebra without first specifying the basic set from which they are taken, in other words their type. In linear algebra the two most basic types are the field of scalars (often denoted by $F$ or $K$) and some space of vectors over that field (often denoted by $V$ or some similar letter), and there are various mechanisms to form new basic sets, such as Cartesian products, matrices, sets of linear functions $V\to W$ where $V$ and $W$ are vector spaces over$~F$ (possibly the same one). All these basic sets are assumed to be disjoint, so that any given value belongs to at most one of them, which set then gives the type of that value. Usually these sets come equipped with a set of operations; these can only be applied to elements of that set. To complicate the description (but simplify life) operations on different sets often carry the same name, for instance the symbol '$+$' can be used for the addition of scalars, vectors, matrices, linear maps and many more things; in computer science this is called operator overloading. The reader is supposed to resolve the ambiguity by checking the types of the arguments given to the operators.
A special complication occurs for the symbol $0$ (and to some extent for other symbols like $\mathbf I$), which is overloaded in the same sense: it refers to different special values in each type (in linear algebra there is hardly any type that does not have its own value $0$). In this sense it can be view as an overloaded operator with no (i.e., $0\in\Bbb N$) arguments. This poses an obvious difficulty with deducing the intended meaning from the types of the arguments, so instead for '$0$' it must be in some other manner be clear from the context. If you see $0+x$ in a formula, for instance, you may assume that this is the zero value of the same type as $x$, but in some cases the context can be really ambiguous; in that case it is the task of the author to make clear what type of "zero" is meant. But in no case should one pretend that the zero scalar, the zero vector, a zero matrix, a zero linear map are the same thing; the distinction goes even further, as the zero vectors of unrelated vector spaces, as well as zero matrices of different dimensions, are not assumed to be the same thing, even though they all share the same name. (In practice there is not much difficulty in living with this theoretic ambiguity, and one might even maintain that writing $0$ means indicating that the expression at that place is endowed with the quality of "zeroness", which usually completely governs how it behaves.)