What is the difference between using `sh` and `source`?
The main difference is that they are executed in a different process.
So if you source a file foo which does a cd, the sourcing shell (e.g. your interactive shell in the terminal) is affected (and its current directory will change)
If you execute sh foo the cd does not affect the sourcing shell, only the freshly created sh process running foo
Read the Advanced Bash Scripting Guide.
That difference is not specific to Linux; every Posix implementation would have it.
As others have mentioned, when you run sh test.sh, any changes that test.sh makes to your shell environment won't persist after the process has ended.
However, also note that any element of your environment that isn't exported (e.g., variables, aliases, and shell functions) won't be available to the code in test.sh when it is executed as a subprocess (i.e. with sh test.sh).
For example:
$ cat > test.sh
echo $foo
$ foo=bar
$ sh test.sh
$ . test.sh
bar
Example 2:
lap@my-ThinkPad:~$ cat test.sh
#!/bin/sh
cd /etc
lap@my-ThinkPad:~$ sh test.sh
lap@my-ThinkPad:~$ pwd
/home/savoury
lap@my-ThinkPad:~$ source test.sh
lap@my-ThinkPad:/etc$ pwd
/etc
lap@my-ThinkPad:/etc$
When you call source or . (the one is an alias to the other. source cmd not POSIX - kind of bashism), you load and execute a shell script into the current shell process. So you can
- read variables set in the sourced script,
- use functions defined within it.
- and even execute forks and/or subprocess if script do this.
When you call sh, you initiate a fork (sub-process or child) that runs a new session of /bin/sh (which is often a symbolic link to bash). In this case, environment variables set by the sub-script would be dropped when the sub-script terminate.
Caution: sh could be a symlink to another shell.
Practical sample
For example, if you want to change current working directory by a specific manner, you could not do
$ cat <<eof >myCd2Doc.sh
#!/bin/sh
cd /usr/share/doc
eof
$ chmod +x myCd2Doc.sh
This won't do what you expect:
$ cd /tmp
$ pwd
/tmp
$ ~/myCd2Doc.sh
$ pwd
/tmp
because current working dir is part of environment and myCd2Doc.sh would run in a subshell.
But:
$ cat >myCd2Doc.source <<eof
# Shell source file
myCd2Doc() {
cd /usr/share/doc
}
eof
$ . myCd2Doc.source
$ cd /tmp
$ pwd
/tmp
$ myCd2Doc
$ pwd
/usr/share/doc
Have a look at mycd function!! (With bash completion based on Associative Array).
Execution level $SHLVL
$ cd /tmp
printf %b '\43\41/bin/bash\necho This is level \44SHLVL.\n' >qlvl.sh
$ bash qlvl.sh
This is level 2.
$ source qlvl.sh
This is level 1.
Recursion (when a script run from itself)
$ cat <<eoqlvl2 >qlvl2.sh
#!/bin/bash
export startLevel recursionLimit=5
echo This is level $SHLVL started:${startLevel:=$SHLVL}.
(( SHLVL < recursionLimit )) && ./qlvl2.sh
eoqlvl2
$ chmod +x qlvl2.sh
$ ./qlvl2.sh
This is level 2 started:2.
This is level 3 started:2.
This is level 4 started:2.
This is level 5 started:2.
$ source qlv2.sh
This is level 1 started:1.
This is level 2 started:1.
This is level 3 started:1.
This is level 4 started:1.
This is level 5 started:1.
A little futher
$ sed '$a ps --sid $SID fw' qlvl.sh >qlvl3.sh
$ chmod +x qlvl3.sh
$ export SID
$ read SID < <(ps ho sid $$)
$ echo $SID $$
8983 8983
( Current PID ($$ == process Id) are same identifier than SID (session ID). It's not alway true.)
$ ./qlvl3.sh
This is level 2.
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
8983 pts/10 Ss 0:00 /bin/bash
10266 pts/10 S+ 0:00 \_ /bin/bash ./qlvl3.sh
10267 pts/10 R+ 0:00 \_ ps --sid 8983 fw
$ . qlvl3.sh
This is level 1.
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
8983 pts/10 Ss 0:00 /bin/bash
10428 pts/10 R+ 0:00 \_ ps --sid 8983 fw
Dot . is an alias of source. So the only difference between two command are slash replaced by space.
And a final test:
$ printf %b '\43\41/bin/bash\necho Ending this.\nsle' \
'ep 1;exit 0\n' >finalTest.sh
$ bash finalTest.sh
Ending this.
$ source finalTest.sh
Ending this.
... You may notice a different behaviour between the two syntaxes. ;-)