Why are gauge integrals not more popular?

I would have written this as a comment, but by lack of reputation this has become an answer. Not long ago I've posed the same question to a group of analysts and they gave me more or less these answers:

1) The gauge integral is only defined for (subsets of) $\mathbb R^n$. It can easily be extended to manifolds but not to a more general class of spaces. It is therefore not of use in (general) harmonic analysis and other fields.

2) It lacks a lot of very nice properties the lebesgue integral has. For example $f \in \mathcal L^1 \Rightarrow |f| \in \mathcal L^1$ obviously has no generalization to gauge theory.

3) and probably most important. Afaik (also according to wikipedia) there is no known natural topology for the space of gauge integrable functions.

In mathematics, there is a general philosophy (I think due to Grothendieck) that one should work not with a bad category containing nice objects, but with a nice category containing bad objects. (The category of schemes over a base scheme is perhaps one example, as is the category of presheaves on a category.) The statement applied to analysis is perhaps that working with a nice space is more important than the objects in it. For instance, the spaces one may obtain from the Lebesgue integral--namely, the $L^p$ spaces--are wonderful from the point of view of analysis; they are Banach spaces (Hilbert if $p=2$), and with very weak hypothesis have the duality property $(L^p)^* = L^q$ for $p, q$ conjugate exponents (and $p \neq \infty$). By contrast, the Henstock-Kurzweil integral does not lend itself to such nice spaces: to define a norm on some subspace of the space of integrable functions, you would presumably need to consider the integral of the absolute value. But functions $f$ such that $|f|$ is HK-integrable are in fact Lebesgue integrable! So no new information is gained. The fact that the Lebesgue integral can't handle the derivative of every differentiable function is made up for by the niceness of the resulting function spaces.

(If I remember correctly, one can make the space of all HK-integrable functions into a topological vector space, but it's not anywhere near as nice as the Banach spaces that one obtains via the Lebesgue integral.)

Another reason, which has already been given above, is that the Lebesgue integral is fantastically general. The fact that it can integrate functions on euclidean space is only a very limited and special case of its power; it will work on any measure space. To give one example, the Haar integral (one can obtain a translation-invariant measure on a locally compact group; the Haar measure is the Lebesgue integral with respect to this) is frequently used: for instance, in number theory, one wishes to integrate functions over topological groups such as $K^*$ for $K$ a local field, and the Haar integral is the natural way to do this. (Though, as Matt E observes in the comments, in practice one may integrate over $K^*$ or more generally algebraic groups over local fields, fairly explicitly, without need of actually constructing a measure formally (except in the case $K = \mathbb{R}, \mathbb{C}$, where the usual integral on euclidean space suffices).)

This is more of a comment than an answer, but it is too long to be a comment. Take my opinion with a grain of salt.

You ask what properties make the gauge integral "less useful" than the others. This is really several questions: "useful" in terms of pedagogy? in terms of how its ideas generalize? in terms of the theorems it provides in the context it was designed for (I think, standard calculus in one variable or in $\mathbb{R}^n$)? And "usefulness" is such a fuzzy and contentious notion... but we don't need to go there.

In the context for which it was designed, is certainly less well known, less widely documented in textbooks, and certainly less taught than the Riemann or Lebesgue integrals, and it seems to me that your "usefulness" question is really about this. You're guessing, quite reasonably, that there must be some mathematical or pedagogical reason why Calculus I/II/III or Analysis I/II/III at University X is almost guaranteed to study another integral and not the gauge integral.

Well, I don't think there is any logical reason for this.

But there isn't a pressing need for the gauge integral, either. Its benefits, whether technical (in getting theorems with fewer hypotheses) or pedagogical (some feel it is easier to learn or to teach), do not seem to be enough to outweigh historical tradition. And it is really just a question of tradition.

It's a bit like asking why the USA doesn't use the metric system. In each case, there isn't any abstract reason why people don't do it, and if history could be replayed with different initial conditions, things might have been done differently.

The strength of tradition would be more of a surprise if the "technical advantages" of the gauge integral were more pronounced in relation to what is already in wide use. A huge factor in the adoption of the Lebesgue integral was all of its nice properties (e.g. completeness of the $L^p$ spaces, the dominated convergence theorem) that made analysis involving integrals possible, and on a firm logical footing, in ways that it really wasn't before. Speaking informally, I think 99% of what humanity wants out of integrals was taken care of with these advances. Of course the next thing that comes along can't offer as dramatic a change, so nobody cares to switch.

The chief "added advantage" of the gauge integral (or at least the one most often mentioned) is its more general "fundamental theorem of calculus." IMHO this sounds much better than it actually is. I'm an analyst and every time I've ever used the FTC, theorems about older integrals were enough; there was simply no need for more.

Unless you feel "having the best FTC possible" is a key property an integral should have... but analysis is full of statements that are easy theorems under restrictive hypotheses, and harder theorems under more general hypotheses, and often there is an epsilon of stuff left over, not covered by the standard tricks, where the statement is still true. Statements about interchanging limiting operations (e.g. differentiation under the integral) are classic examples; the truth boundary is so often unknown--- or it is so difficult or unrewarding to formulate useful "if and only if" conditions under which the statement is a theorem, that nobody bothers to do it. From this view, it's not surprising that there is a better FTC than the Lebesgue FTC, and it's not surprising that there is not a movement to correct this "defect".

So that's my take: people don't use the gauge integral because it is our heritage to use other integrals. These other integrals do most of the same things, and the gauge integral isn't so much better that people switch. And once we know why most experts don't use it... we know why it's generally not taught to anybody. [The pedagogical case for or against any integral of your choosing is a completely separate issue.]