Why can I change value of a constant in javascript

The documentation states:

...constant cannot change through re-assignment
...constant cannot be re-declared

When you're adding to an array or object you're not re-assigning or re-declaring the constant, it's already declared and assigned, you're just adding to the "list" that the constant points to.

So this works fine:

const x = {};

x.foo = 'bar';

console.log(x); // {foo : 'bar'}

x.foo = 'bar2';

console.log(x); // {foo : 'bar2'}  

and this:

const y = [];

y.push('foo');

console.log(y); // ['foo']

y.unshift("foo2");

console.log(y); // ['foo2', 'foo']

y.pop();

console.log(y); // ['foo2']

but neither of these:

const x = {};
x = {foo: 'bar'}; // error - re-assigning

const y = ['foo'];
const y = ['bar']; // error - re-declaring

const foo = 'bar'; 
foo = 'bar2';       // error - can not re-assign
var foo = 'bar3';   // error - already declared
function foo() {};  // error - already declared

This happens because your constant is actually storing a reference to the array. When you join something into your array you are not modifying your constant value, but the array it points to. The same would happen if you assigned an object to a constant and tried to modify any property of it.

If you want to freeze an array or object so it can't be modified, you can use the Object.freeze method, which is already part of ECMAScript 5.

const x = Object.freeze(['a'])
x.push('b')
console.log(x) // ["a"]

This is consistent behavior with every programming language I can think of.

Consider C - arrays are just glorified pointers. A constant array only means that the value of the pointer will not change - but in fact the data contained at that address is free to.

In javascript, you are allowed to call methods of constant objects (of course - otherwise constant objects would not serve much purpose!) These methods might have the side effect of modifying the object. Since arrays in javascript are objects, this behavior applies to them as well.

All you are assured of is that the constant will always point to the same object. The properties of the object itself are free to change.