Why is echo a shell built in command?

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There are two classes of builtins:

1. Some commands have to be built into the shell program itself because they cannot work if they are external.

   cd is one such since if it were external, it could only change its own directory; it couldn't affect the current working directory of the shell. (See also: Why is cd not a program?)

2. The other class of commands are built into the shell purely for efficiency.

   The dash man page has a section on builtins which mentions printf, echo, and test as examples of commands in this class.

Unix systems have always included separate executables for commands in that second class. These separate executables are still available on every Unixy system I've used, even though they're also built into every shell you're likely to use. (POSIX actually requires that these executables be present.)

I believe echo got built into the shell in AT&T Unix System V Release 3.1. I base that on comparisons of two different editions of manuals for AT&Ts 3B1 series Unix systems. Someone has kindly scanned 1986 editions of these manuals and put them online; these correspond to the original release of SVR3. You can see that echo isn't in the list on page 523 of UNIX System V User's Manual, Volume II, where you'd expect it if the command were built into the shell. In my local paper copy of the SVR3.1 manuals from 1987, echo is listed in this section of the manual.

I'm pretty sure this isn't a Berkeley CSRG innovation that AT&T brought back home. 4.3BSD came out the same year as SVR3, 1986, but if you look at 4.3BSD's sh.1 manpage, you see that echo is not in the "Special Commands" section's list of built-in commands. If CSRG did this, that leaves us wanting a documented source to prove it.

At this point, you may wonder if echo was built into the shell earlier than SVR3.1 and that this fact simply wasn't documented until then. The newest pre-SVR3 AT&T Unix source code available to me is in the PDP-11 System III tarball, wherein you will find the Bourne shell source code. You won't find echo in the builtin command table, which is in /usr/src/cmd/sh/msg.c. Based on the timestamps in that file, that proves that echo certainly wasn't in the shell in 1980.

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Trivia

The same directory also contains a file called builtin.c which doesn't contain anything on-point for this question, but we do find this interesting comment:

/*      
    builtin commands are those that Bourne did not intend
    to be part of his shell.
    Redirection of i/o, or rather the lack of it, is still a
    problem..
*/      

There is a third reason for some commands to be built-in: They can be used when running external commands is impossible.

Sometimes a system becomes so broken that the ls command does not work. In some cases, an echo * will still work.

Another (more important!) example is kill: If a system runs out of free PIDs, it is not possible to run /bin/kill (because it needs a PID :-), but the built-in kill will work.

Btw., which is an external command (at least it is not internal in bash), so it cannot list internal commands. For instance:

$ which echo
/bin/echo
$ type -a echo
echo is a shell builtin
echo is /bin/echo

According to the Bash Reference Manual, it's about convenience.

Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands (builtins) implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities. For example, cd, break, continue, and exec) cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly manipulate the shell itself. The history, getopts, kill, or pwd builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands. All of the shell builtins are described in subsequent sections.

The Advanced Bash Scripting Guide has a more detailed explanation:

"A builtin is a command contained within the Bash tool set, literally built in. This is either for performance reasons -- builtins execute faster than external commands, which usually require forking off 1 a separate process -- or because a particular builtin needs direct access to the shell internals."

Also note that echo does exist as a standalone utility on some systems. Here's what I have on my Darwin system (MacOSX 10.5.8 - Leopard)

$ uname -a
Darwin host.foo.org 9.8.0 Darwin Kernel Version 9.8.0: Wed Jul 15 16:55:01 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1228.15.4~1/RELEASE_I386 i386
$ bash --version
GNU bash, version 3.2.17(1)-release (i386-apple-darwin9.0)
Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
$ which echo
/bin/echo

echo is also available as a builtin, but apparently my scripts use /bin/echo on my Mac, and use a Bash builtin on most of my Linux & FreeBSD systems. But that doesn't seem to matter, because the scripts still work fine everywhere.