Why is Graphics.MeasureString() returning a higher than expected number?

From WindowsClient.net:

GDI+ adds a small amount (1/6 em) to each end of every string displayed. This 1/6 em allows for glyphs with overhanging ends (such as italic 'f'), and also gives GDI+ a small amount of leeway to help with grid fitting expansion.

The default action of DrawString will work against you in displaying adjacent runs:

• Firstly the default StringFormat adds an extra 1/6 em at each end of each output;
• Secondly, when grid fitted widths are less than designed, the string is allowed to contract by up to an em.

To avoid these problems:

• Always pass MeasureString and DrawString a StringFormat based on the typographic string format (StringFormat.GenericTypographic).
  Set the Graphics TextRenderingHint to TextRenderingHintAntiAlias. This rendering method uses anti-aliasing and sub-pixel glyph positioning to avoid the need for grid-fitting, and is thus inherently resolution independent.

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There are two ways of drawing text in .NET:

• GDI+ (graphics.MeasureString and graphics.DrawString)
• GDI (TextRenderer.MeasureText and TextRenderer.DrawText)

From Michael Kaplan's (rip) excellent blog Sorting It All Out, In .NET 1.1 everything used GDI+ for text rendering. But there were some problems:

• There are some performance issues caused by the somewhat stateless nature of GDI+, where device contexts would be set and then the original restored after each call.
• The shaping engines for international text have been updated many times for Windows/Uniscribe and for Avalon (Windows Presentation Foundation), but have not been updated for GDI+, which causes international rendering support for new languages to not have the same level of quality.

So they knew they wanted to change the .NET framework to stop using GDI+'s text rendering system, and use GDI. At first they hoped they could simply change:

graphics.DrawString

to call the old DrawText API instead of GDI+. But they couldn't make the text-wrapping and spacing match exactly as what GDI+ did. So they were forced to keep graphics.DrawString to call GDI+ (compatiblity reasons; people who were calling graphics.DrawString would suddenly find that their text didn't wrap the way it used to).

A new static TextRenderer class was created to wrap GDI text rendering. It has two methods:

TextRenderer.MeasureText
TextRenderer.DrawText

Note: TextRenderer is a wrapper around GDI, while graphics.DrawString is still a wrapper around GDI+.

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Then there was the issue of what to do with all the existing .NET controls, e.g.:

• Label
• Button
• TextBox

They wanted to switch them over to use TextRenderer (i.e. GDI), but they had to be careful. There might be people who depended on their controls drawing like they did in .NET 1.1. And so was born "compatible text rendering".

By default controls in application behave like they did in .NET 1.1 (they are "compatible").

You turn off compatibility mode by calling:

Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);

This makes your application better, faster, with better international support. To sum up:

SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(true)  SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false)
=======================================  ========================================
 default                                  opt-in
 bad                                      good
 the one we don't want to use             the one we want to use
 uses GDI+ for text rendering             uses GDI for text rendering
 graphics.MeasureString                   TextRenderer.MeasureText
 graphics.DrawString                      TextRenderer.DrawText
 Behaves same as 1.1                      Behaves *similar* to 1.1
                                          Looks better
                                          Localizes better
                                          Faster

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It's also useful to note the mapping between GDI+ TextRenderingHint and the corresponding LOGFONT Quality used for GDI font drawing:

TextRenderingHint           mapped by TextRenderer to LOGFONT quality
========================    =========================================================
ClearTypeGridFit            CLEARTYPE_QUALITY (5) (Windows XP: CLEARTYPE_NATURAL (6))
AntiAliasGridFit            ANTIALIASED_QUALITY (4)
AntiAlias                   ANTIALIASED_QUALITY (4)
SingleBitPerPixelGridFit    PROOF_QUALITY (2)
SingleBitPerPixel           DRAFT_QUALITY (1)
else (e.g.SystemDefault)    DEFAULT_QUALITY (0)

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Samples

Here's some comparisons of GDI+ (graphics.DrawString) verses GDI (TextRenderer.DrawText) text rendering:

GDI+: TextRenderingHintClearTypeGridFit, GDI: CLEARTYPE_QUALITY:

GDI+: TextRenderingHintAntiAlias, GDI: ANTIALIASED_QUALITY:

GDI+: TextRenderingHintAntiAliasGridFit, GDI: not supported, uses ANTIALIASED_QUALITY:

GDI+: TextRenderingHintSingleBitPerPixelGridFit, GDI: PROOF_QUALITY:

GDI+: TextRenderingHintSingleBitPerPixel, GDI: DRAFT_QUALITY:

i find it odd that DRAFT_QUALITY is identical to PROOF_QUALITY, which is identical to CLEARTYPE_QUALITY.

See also

• UseCompatibleTextRendering - Compatible with whaaaaaat?
• Sorting it all out: A quick look at Whidbey's TextRenderer
• MSDN: LOGFONT Structure
• AppCompat Guy: GDI vs. GDI+ Text Rendering Performance
• GDI+ Text, Resolution Independence, and Rendering Methods. Or - Why does my text look different in GDI+ and in GDI?

When you create a Font 'Courier New' with Size = 11 you will get an output like in the image above. You see that the height is 14 pixel not including the underline. The width is exactly 14 pixel (7 pixel for each character).

So this font renders 14x14 pixels.

But TextRenderer.MeasureText() returns a width of 21 pixels instead. If you need exact values this is useless.

The solution is the following code:

Font i_Courier = new Font("Courier New", 11, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);

Win32.SIZE k_Size;
using (Bitmap i_Bmp = new Bitmap(200, 200, PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb))
{
    using (Graphics i_Graph = Graphics.FromImage(i_Bmp))
    {
        IntPtr h_DC = i_Graph.GetHdc();
        IntPtr h_OldFont = Win32.SelectObject(h_DC, i_Courier.ToHfont());

        Win32.GetTextExtentPoint32(h_DC, "Áp", 2, out k_Size);

        Win32.SelectObject(h_DC, h_OldFont);
        i_Graph.ReleaseHdc();
    }
}

k_Size will contain the correct size: 14x14

IMPORTANT: This code measures correctly a regular font. If you need the exact values also for italic fonts (that always have an overhang on the right) you should read the links that are mentioned in this article: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/14915/Width-of-text-in-italic-font

APPENDIX: For those who have never used API calls in C# here a hint how to create the class Win32. This is not complete. For more details have a look at http://www.pinvoke.net

using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

public class Win32
{       
    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
    public struct SIZE
    {
        public int cx;
        public int cy;
    }

    [DllImport("Gdi32.dll")]
    public static extern bool GetTextExtentPoint32(IntPtr hdc, string lpString, int cbString, out SIZE lpSize);

    [DllImport("Gdi32.dll")]
    public static extern IntPtr SelectObject(IntPtr hdc, IntPtr hgdiobj);
}