Would it be possible to hop on top of a bouncing ball?

Yes it is possible in principle, though the bear will have to do a lot work to keep the ball moving.

Suppose the speed of the ball at its highest point when it hits the bear is $v$ and the mass of the ball is $m$, then the momentum change when it hits the bear and bounces back is:

$$ \Delta p = 2mv $$

If the ball hits the bear $n$ times a second then the total force on the bear is just the rate of change of momentum:

$$ F = 2mvn $$

And to keep the bear in the air we just need this force to be equal to the weight of the bear. So if the mass of the bear is $M$ we require:

$$ Mg = 2mvn \tag{1}$$

To get any further we need to work out the value of $n$, and for this we need the time the ball takes to travel down to the ground then back up to the bear again. If we call this time $2t$, then the value of $n$ is just $n = 1/2t$. The problem is that $t$ is given by the quadratic:

$$ h = vt + \tfrac12 g t^2 $$

where $h$ is the height of the cliff, and solving this is going to make our equation a bit messy. However let's assume the ball is travelling sufficiently fast that the change in its velocity due to gravity is small, and then we can approximate:

$$ h \approx vt $$

so:

$$ t = h/v $$

and makes $n = v/2h$ and substituting this in equation (1) gives:

$$ Mg = 2mv\frac{v}{2h} $$

And rearranging tells us how fast the bear has to throw the ball:

$$ v = \sqrt{\frac{Mgh}{m}} \tag{2} $$

To see if this is actually practical let's use some rough values. Call the mass of the ball $m = 1~\mathrm{kg}$ and the height of the cliff $h = 10~\mathrm{m}$. Wikipedia tells me that grizzly bears weight from $130$ to $360~\mathrm{kg}$ so let's choose a convenient value in this range and say the mass of the bear is $M = 200~\mathrm{kg}$. Then equation (2) tells us the speed needed is about $140~\mathrm{m/s}$.

For comparison, the fastest baseball pitch ever was about $47~\mathrm{m/s}$ so our poor bear has to throw a much heavier ball three times as fast, and catch then throw that ball repeatedly. Unless this is a truly remarkable bear that isn't going to happen, but in principle it could.

The only technical problem I see with this is that the ball is described in the image as having these parabolas in shape. the problem is that the mass of the bear is way more than the mass of the ball, and so to be exerting these very large momentum shifts, the ball needs to be very sharply angled where the bear makes contact with it, like it is at the ground. Also the impacts with the ground should probably be kicking up debris.

Well, that and, the bear is shown kind of walking along the ball, which might be possible if you give the ball enough energy at the outset, but really you would want to probably give it a lot of energy in the middle too, so the bear probably wants to describe a jumping motion where it gives that ball a similar absurd push to the one that it originally gave the ball such that it had enough momentum to walk on.

But yeah, other than the fact that the trajectory should be approximately a sawtooth and the bear should be jumping, and this probably requires more strength than a bear has and more integrity than a typical ball has, and the difficulty with getting a predictable bounce back from an uneven ground between the two cliffs, the remaining basic idea is not totally bananas. The problem with the image is just that it is insufficiently violent in its characterization of this motion. But that's okay because without that it's a really funny cartoon.

It depends what you mean by possible. In realistic conditions on Earth, no, it is generally not possible due to the reasons given by @John Darby.

However, you can contrive an explanation for how it could work. For example, although Sean Carroll thinks time travel probably doesn't work the way it is shown in the movies, as a science advisor he might come up with an explanation for how it could:

Your job is to help them, your job is to serve the movie, tell the best, most interesting story you possibly can. And the way that I find is helpful to sort of mentally line yourself to that job, that responsibility, is to think of the screenplay as data, rather than as a theory. In other words, you’re not looking at the screenplay and going, “Uh, no, I don’t think that’s the way it would work, I don’t think that’s an accurate description of reality,” that’s a bad attitude to have to a screenplay. The screenplay is, “In this world, what actually did happen?”

Quote is from Solo: How Time Travel Could and Should Work`, which is Episode 124 of Sean Carroll's Mindscape podcast.

In this case, if the ball has sufficient mass, it is possible for a low-mass being to jump on it mid-air without altering the trajectory of the ball much. (Though the scale is much different, this is precisely what we are doing when we jump on Earth!)

Then all you have to do is allow for that the ball can bounce, and that maybe the ground is actively powered to "push" the ball up a bit for it to regain its initial height.

It would be pretty hard to time things right, but if you tried hard enough to set it up, I'm sure you could produce a setup that replicates the concept.