Writing a T-SQL stored procedure to receive 4 numbers and insert them into a table

You could also use a table valued parameter type in the stored procedure and pass numbers through this tvp.

Create the type

CREATE TYPE GetNumbers AS TABLE   
( Numbers INT );  
GO  

Create the procedure

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.InsertNumbers  
@GetNumbers GetNumbers READONLY  
AS   
SET NOCOUNT ON;

CREATE TABLE #Temp(Num int);
INSERT INTO  #Temp(Num)
SELECT Numbers
FROM  @GetNumbers;  
SELECT * FROM #Temp;
DROP TABLE #Temp;
GO  

Inserting into temp table is not really needed here, only done to keep it the same as the question.

Fill up a variable with data and call the procedure

/* Declare a variable that references the type. */  
DECLARE @GetNumbers AS GetNumbers;  

/* Add data to the table variable. */  
INSERT INTO @GetNumbers (Numbers)  
VALUES(10),(20),(30),(40);

/* Pass the table variable data to a stored procedure. */  
EXEC InsertNumbers @GetNumbers;  

The example used and more on tvp's here

Declare   
@1  Int = 10,
@2  Int = 20,
@3  Int = 30,
@4  Int = 40

Create table #Temp(Num int)

--1st way
INSERT #Temp(Num)
SELECT @1
UNION ALL
SELECT @2
UNION ALL
SELECT @3
UNION ALL
SELECT @4


SELECT * FROM #Temp

TRUNCATE TABLE #Temp

--2nd way    
INSERT #Temp(Num)
VALUES
    (@1),
    (@2),
    (@3),
    (@4)

SELECT * FROM #Temp

DROP TABLE #Temp

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.InsertFourValues (@I1 int, @I2 int, @I3 int, @I4 int)
AS

BEGIN
  --the table below must already exist
  INSERT INTO dbo.MyTable (MyIntColumn)
  VALUES (@I1), (@I2), (@I3), (@I4);

END

Now you just call it using your values:

EXEC dbo.InsertFourValues (10, 20, 30, 40);