wrongly asked question about precalculus?
It is not poorly formulated but may seem a bit tricky. This essentially is a piecewise function as
$f(x)=\frac{x}{x+3}: \quad x\in [0,5]$
$f(x)=-\frac{|x|}{|x|+3}: \quad x\in [-5,0)\quad\!\!$ because the function is odd.
Thus, $f(-3)=-\frac{1}{2}$ as you have mentioned.
You are indeed misinterpreting the question. The definition of $f$ as $f(x) = \frac{x}{x + 3}$ is (as explicitly stated) only defined on the interval $[0, 5],$ Further, it is given that $f$ is odd, which means indeed confirms that the domain is $[-5, 5],$ including at $x = -3.$