Install claimed to have succeeded, but application could not be found on device

I also had this issue/error message. I realized that I had automatic signing deactivated and I had selected a provisioning profil with a distribution certificate.

Solution: So if you want to run the app on your iphone directly from Xcode (not through testflight) you have to make sure you use a provisioning profil with a developer certificate.

This is probably not the case for most people facing this issue, but I faced it once several days ago and easily dealt with it by cleaning the build folder and switching to a legacy build. The second time I faced it, none of the suggested solutions seemed to be working.

I then noticed that because I'd almost run out of storage on my device, iOS had "offloaded" almost all of my apps. If there is a small cloud under your apps and the app needs to "install" again before launching, then this is the case with your phone too. Trying to launch all of the apps that I don't use regularly (so I never noticed the little clouds) "reinstalled" all of them and solved the issue entirely. Maybe this helps someone facing this for similar reasons.

For me, it's a problem with ipatool.

Here's a way to find out details why it failed to create a proper iPhone App (.ipa) file from the build output/Xcode archive:

Go to Product > Archive, then open Window > Organizer > Distribute App.
It should show you "IPA processing failed" with a big red error symbol.
Now, open the logs and search along these lines:

timestamp Assertion failed: Expected n archs in otool output:

and

timestamp /Path/to/ Xcode-beta.app/Contents/Developer/usr/bin/ipatool exited with 1

While this can't be the final solution, try removing all problematic libraries mentioned in the logs between the two lines until ipatool exists successfully.