Is a function that calls Math.random() pure?

No, it isn't a pure function because its output doesn't depend only on the input provided (Math.random() can output any value), while pure functions should always output the same value for same inputs.

If a function is pure, it's safe to optimize away multiple calls with the same inputs and just reuse the result of an earlier call.

P.S for me at least and for many others, redux made the term pure function popular. Straight from the redux docs:

Things you should never do inside a reducer:

• Mutate its arguments;

• Perform side effects like API calls and routing transitions;

• Call non-pure functions, e.g. Date.now() or Math.random().

A pure function is a function where the return value is only determined by its input values, without observable side effects

By using Math.random, you are determining its value by something other than input values. It's not a pure function.

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The simple answer to your question is that Math.random() violates rule #2.

Many other answers here have pointed out that the presence of Math.random() means that this function is not pure. But I think it's worth saying why Math.random() taints functions that use it.

Like all pseudorandom number generators, Math.random() starts with a "seed" value. It then uses that value as the starting point for a chain of low-level bit manipulations or other operations that result in an unpredictable (but not really random) output.

In JavaScript, the process involved is implementation-dependent, and unlike many other languages, JavaScript provides no way to select the seed:

The implementation selects the initial seed to the random number generation algorithm; it cannot be chosen or reset by the user.

That's why this function isn't pure: JavaScript is essentially using an implicit function parameter that you have no control over. It's reading that parameter from data calculated and stored elsewhere, and therefore violates rule #2 in your definition.

If you wanted to make this a pure function, you could use one of the alternative random number generators described here. Call that generator seedable_random. It takes one parameter (the seed) and returns a "random" number. Of course, this number isn't really random at all; it is uniquely determined by the seed. That's why this is a pure function. The output of seedable_random is only "random" in the sense that predicting the output based on the input is difficult.

The pure version of this function would need to take three parameters:

function test(min, max, seed) {
   return  seedable_random(seed) * (max - min) + min;
}

For any given triple of (min, max, seed) parameters, this will always return the same result.

Note that if you wanted the output of seedable_random to be truly random, you'd need to find a way to randomize the seed! And whatever strategy you used would inevitably be non-pure, because it would require you to gather information from a source outside your function. As mtraceur and jpmc26 remind me, this includes all physical approaches: hardware random number generators, webcams with lens caps, atmospheric noise collectors -- even lava lamps. All of these involve using data calculated and stored outside the function.

No, it's not. Given the same input, this function will return different values. And then you can't build a 'table' that maps the input and the outputs.

From the Wikipedia article for Pure function:

The function always evaluates the same result value given the same argument value(s). The function result value cannot depend on any hidden information or state that may change while program execution proceeds or between different executions of the program, nor can it depend on any external input from I/O devices

Also, another thing is that a pure function can be replaced with a table which represents the mapping from the input and output, as explained in this thread.

If you want to rewrite this function and change it to a pure function, you should pass the random value as an argument too

function test(random, min, max) {
   return random * (max - min) + min;
}

and then call it this way (example, with 2 and 5 as min and max):

test( Math.random(), 2, 5)