Is a polytope that has in-spheres for faces of all dimensions already regular?

This is true in all dimensions, and can be proved by induction (on $d$) applied to the following (slightly stronger) hypothesis:

Theorem: If $P$ is a convex $d$-polytope with $k$-in-spheres for all $k \in [0, d-1]$, then:

• $P$ is regular.
• $P$ is determined (up to an element of the orthogonal group $O(d)$) by that $d$-tuple $(r_0, r_1, \dots, r_{d-1})$ of $k$-in-radii.
• $P$ is determined completely if additionally a facet (codimension-1 face) $Q$ of $P$ is specified.

Proof: If the polytope $P$ has squared $k$-in-radii $(r_0^2, r_1^2, \dots, r_{d-1}^2)$, then every facet of $P$ has squared $k$-in-radii $(r_0^2 - r_{d-1}^2, r_1^2 - r_{d-1}^2, \dots, r_{d-2}^2 - r_{d-1}^2)$. By the first two parts of the inductive hypothesis, all facets of $P$ are therefore regular and congruent to each other (being determined by these $k$-in-radii).

Now, given a facet $Q$ of $P$ and a facet $R$ of $Q$, let $\Pi$ be the hyperplane through the origin which contains $R$. Let $Q'$ be the other facet of $P$ which contains $R$. Because the $k$-in-spheres of $Q'$ are the reflections (in $\Pi$) of the $k$-in-spheres of $Q$, and they share a common facet $R$, it follows (from the third part of the inductive hypothesis) that $Q'$ is the reflection of $Q$ through the hyperplane $\Pi$.

As the boundary $\partial P$ (i.e. the union of all facets) is homeomorphic to $S^{d-1}$, we can reach any facet $Q_1$ from any facet $Q_0$ by a 'path' of 'adjacent' (i.e. sharing a common subfacet) facets. Consequently, we can transform any facet into any other facet by a sequence of reflections in hyperplanes through the origin. As each facet is flag-transitive, it therefore follows that $P$ is flag-transitive (i.e. regular) as desired.

Moreover, this reflection procedure of building $P$ from a single facet $Q$ establishes the third part of the theorem.

This leaves the second part of the theorem. Suppose $P$ and $P'$ are two polytopes sharing the same set of $k$-in-spheres. Let $Q$ be an arbitrary facet of $P$, and $Q'$ be an arbitrary facet of $P'$. By the inductive hypothesis, $Q$ and $Q'$ are congruent; let $f$ be an isometry of the ambient space which maps $Q$ to $Q'$. The origin is either mapped to itself or (if we chose the 'wrong' isometry) to $2v$, where $v$ is the centroid of $Q$; we can if necessary reflect again in the hyperplane containing $Q$ to ensure the origin is preserved by $f$. Consequently, $f$ is an element of the orthogonal group $O(d)$ which maps $Q$ to $Q'$. By the third part of the theorem (which we've already proved), $f$ must map $P$ to $P'$, establishing the second part of the theorem.

In $R^3$, since the spheres are concentric, not only all faces are regular, but also all edges are of the same length, and all faces are inscribed in circles of the same radius, hence are congruent. Also, all dihedral angles between faces with a common edge are equal, which implies that all vertices are of the same valence. This makes the polytope regular. It seems that this reasoning can be generalized to all dimensions.