Is it possible to populate a large set at compile time?

The Rust-PHF crate provides compile-time data structures, including (ordered) maps and sets.

Unfortunately, to date, it does not support initialization of a set of std::net::IpAddr, but can be used with static strings:

static IP_SET: phf::Set<&'static str> = phf_set! {
    "127.0.0.1",
    "::1",
};

have only a single static binary to deploy

Inline your entire CSV file using include! or include_str! and then go about the rest of your program as usual.

use csv; // 1.0.5

static CSV_FILE: &[u8] = include_bytes!("/etc/hosts");

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut rdr = csv::ReaderBuilder::new()
        .delimiter(b'\t')
        .from_reader(CSV_FILE);

    for result in rdr.records() {
        let record = result?;
        println!("{:?}", record);
    }

    Ok(())
}

See also:

• Is there a good way to include external resource data into Rust source code?

I would recommend to simply use a Build Script to read the CSV and produce a source file containing the initialized of a standard HashSet with a custom hasher (FxHash, for example).

This would let you keep the convenience of editing a CSV file, while still baking all the data into a binary. It would require some initialization time (unlike PHF), but the ability to specify a custom hash is quite beneficial.

Also, depending on the format of IPs in the logs, you may want to store either &'static str or u32; the latter is more efficient (search-wise), but the gain may be negated if a conversion is required.