Is it possible to use a if statement inside #define?

You can not use if statement, because #define is interpret by the preprocessor, and the output would be

 result=if( x == 0 || y == 0) { 0 } else { ( ( ( x * x ) / ( ( x ) + ( y ) ) ) * ( y ) )}

which is wrong syntax.

But an alternative is to use ternary operator. Change your define to

#define SUM_A( x, y )  ((x) == 0 || (y) == 0 ? 0 : ( ( ( (x) * (x) ) / ( ( x ) + ( y ) ) ) * ( y ) ))

Remember to always put your define between parentheses, to avoid syntax error when replacing.

As far as I know, what you're trying to do (use if statement and then return a value from a macro) isn't possible in ISO C... but it is somewhat possible with statement expressions (GNU extension).

Since #defines are essentially just fancy text find-and-replace, you have to be really careful about how they're expanded. I've found that this works on gcc and clang by default:

#define SUM_A(x, y)                                     \
({                                                      \
    float answer;                                       \
    if ((x) == 0 || (y) == 0) {                         \
        answer = 0;                                     \
    } else {                                            \
        answer = ((float)((x)*(x)) / ((x)+(y))) * (y);  \
    }                                                   \
    answer;                                             \
})
// Typecasting to float necessary, since int/int == int in C

Brief explanation of the things in this macro:

• The \ at the end of each line is to signal line continuation (i.e. to tell the compiler "this macro continues on the next line")
• The ({ is a statement expression (GNU extension; not part of standard C).
• Though not strictly necessary, it's safer to wrap up each use of the parameter/s in parentheses to avoid operator-precedence gotchas. For example, if x was 2+1, then (x)*(x) would expand to (2+1)*(2+1), which is 9 (what we wanted), but x*x would expand to 2+1*2+1, which is 5 (not what we wanted)
• In statement expressions, the last line functions like the return value (hence the answer; at the end)

This should give you the result you're looking for, and there's no reason it can't be extended to include multiple else ifs as well (though as other answers have pointed out, it's probably better to use the ternary operator if you can).