Is there a name for the point of a exponential curve where the y axis significantly increases?
The English idiom is "the knee in the curve."
This doesn't have much, if anything, to do with mathematics, however.
For a good explanation of why it's a subjective issue and not a mathematical one, you can look at this article: http://www.growth-dynamics.com/articles/Kurzweil.htm (archived) About 1/3 down the page there are a few graphs one over the other with the title "where is the knee?" They have different $y$ axes, but show the same function. You can see that your $y$ axis determines where you think the "knee" should fall.
This is an old question, but a very good rule of thumb for such a point would be the minimum of the radius of curvature function.
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The exponential function and its radius of curvature:
It takes a minimum value at $x=-\frac{\log (2)}{2}=-0.346574$
Another example, arctan function:
The radius is smallest at $x=\pm 0.831576$