Is there a way to export an AWS CLI Profile to Environment Variables?

you could use the following command to set your environment variable

aws configure get default.aws_access_key_id
aws configure get default.aws_secret_access_key

if you have another profile you can change, another way to write is

aws configure get aws_access_key_id --profile <new_profile>
aws configure get aws_secret_access_key --profile <new_profile>

so for example it would be

export TF_VAR_access_key=`aws configure get default.aws_access_key_id`

In Terraform

Terraform actually directly supports AWS CLI profiles: just set an appropriate profile attribute in the aws provider block.

Something like this should do the trick:

provider "aws" {
  profile = "my_profile"
}

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Environment variables

If you are instead in a situation in which you have to use environment variables Frederic's suggestion can be used this way:

export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=$(aws configure get my_profile.aws_access_key_id)
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=$(aws configure get my_profile.aws_secret_access_key)

If you want to pass environment vars to a script use:

AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=$(aws configure get my_profile.aws_access_key_id) \
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=$(aws configure get my_profile.aws_secret_access_key) \
./script.sh

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Environment variables with "assume role"

If you use profiles to assume a role specified in config field role_arn, then things get a little trickier as the credentials are generated on the fly (and expire after a while).

But it's still feasible:

read AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY AWS_SESSION_TOKEN <<< \
   $(aws sts assume-role                                           \
     --role-arn $(aws configure get my_profile.role_arn)           \
     --role-session-name my_profile_session --output text |        \
     awk '/^CREDENTIALS/ { print $2, $4, $5 }')