java abstract classes code example

Example 1: abstract class in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation where we cannot provide 
implementation to all the methods in a class. We want to leave the 
implementation to a class that extends it. In such case we declare a class
as abstract.To make a class abstract we use key word abstract. 
Any class that contains one or more abstract methods is declared as abstract. 
If we don’t declare class as abstract which contains abstract methods we get 
compile time error.
  
  1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
  2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method, concrete methods or both.
  3)Any class which extends abstarct class must override all methods of abstract
    class
  4)An abstarct class can contain either 0 or more abstract method.

Example 2: java abstract class

// abstract class
abstract class Shape
{
   // abstract method
   abstract void sides();
}
class Triangle extends Shape
{
   void sides()
   {
      System.out.println("Triangle shape has three sides.");
   }
}
class Pentagon extends Shape
{
   void sides()
   {
      System.out.println("Pentagon shape has five sides.");
   }
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Triangle obj1 = new Triangle();
      obj1.sides();
      Pentagon obj2 = new Pentagon();
      obj2.sides();
   }
}

Example 3: abstract class in java

public abstract class GraphicObject {

   abstract void draw();
}

Example 4: abstract class example in java

//abstract parent class
abstract class Animal{
   //abstract method
   public abstract void sound();
}
//Dog class extends Animal class
public class Dog extends Animal{

   public void sound(){
	System.out.println("Woof");
   }
   public static void main(String args[]){
	Animal obj = new Dog();
	obj.sound();
   }
}

Example 5: how to create an abstract method in java

abstract class Scratch{
  // cannot be static
    abstract public void hello();
    abstract String randNum();
}

interface Other{
  //all methods in an interface are abstract
    public void bye();
    String randDouble();
}

Example 6: what are abstract classes in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation
where we cannot provide implementation to
all the methods in a class. We want to leave the 
implementation to a class that extends it.
  In that case we declare a class
as abstract by using abstract keyword on method
signature.In my framework I have created my
PageBase class as super
class of the all page classes. 
I have collected all common elements
and functions into PageBase class and
all other page classes extent PageBase class.
By doing so, I don't have to locate very
common WebElements and it provides
reusability in my framework.

i)List<String> webs=driver.getWindowHandles();
=>create a list first to store web URLs in list

ii)findElements evaluates multiple elements so therefore will assigned to List <WebElement>

iii)To handle dynamic elements store it in the list and identify by index:
List<WebElement> all=driver.findElements(By.tagname(“”)); (or other locators).
Also
1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method,
concrete methods or both.
3)Any class which extends abstarct class must
  override all methods of abstract class
4)An abstarct class can contain either
  0 or more abstract method.