JavaFX inverse-clipping and clipping using text?

There is no built-in method for this as far as I know. However, here is an example of what you are trying to achive using Shapes:

package application;

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.beans.binding.Bindings;
import javafx.scene.Node;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.ProgressBar;
import javafx.scene.effect.InnerShadow;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
import javafx.scene.shape.Shape;
import javafx.scene.text.Font;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;
import javafx.stage.Stage;


public class Main extends Application {
    @Override
    public void start(final Stage primaryStage) {
        final StackPane root = new StackPane();
        final ProgressBar bar = new ProgressBar();
        final Image image = new Image( "https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7036/6952932649_3fc1cfeb8a_o_d.jpg", true );
        final ImageView imageView = new ImageView( image );
        final Text clip = new Text( "JavaFx" );
        final Scene scene = new Scene( root );

        root.setStyle( "-fx-background: pink;" );
        root.setEffect( new InnerShadow() );

        bar.prefWidthProperty().bind( root.widthProperty() );
        bar.visibleProperty().bind( Bindings.notEqual( 1, image.progressProperty() ) );
        bar.progressProperty().bind( image.progressProperty() );

        imageView.setFitWidth( 800 );
        imageView.setFitHeight( 600 );

        clip.setFont( Font.font( 144.0 ) );
    clip.setX( 400 - clip.getBoundsInLocal().getWidth() / 2 );
        clip.setY( 400 - clip.getBoundsInLocal().getHeight() / 2 );

        setInverseClip( imageView, clip );

        root.getChildren().add( bar );
        root.getChildren().add( imageView );

        primaryStage.setScene( scene );
        primaryStage.show();
}

    private void setInverseClip( final Node node, final Shape clip ) {
        final Rectangle inverse = new Rectangle();
        inverse.setWidth( node.getLayoutBounds().getWidth() );
        inverse.setHeight( node.getLayoutBounds().getHeight() );
        node.setClip( Shape.subtract( inverse, clip ) );
    }

    public static void main(final String[] args) {
        launch(args);
    }

}

It overlays the target node with an rectangle of the same size, subtracts the original clip node from it, and uses the newly created shape as the clip to the target node.