Apple - Keyboard shortcut to delete row in Numbers
By default, no, there's no shortcut.
You can create one yourself though:
Open System Preferences → Keyboard → Shortcuts → App Shortcuts.
Click the + button to add a new shortcut.
Set the Application to Numbers.app, and the Menu Title to Delete Row.
Set your keyboard shortcut and press Add.
As of at least Numbers 4.3.1, there is a menu item in the Table menu for deleting the current row (as well as one for deleting the current column), with keyboard shortcuts:
Delete Row: Shift+Command+X
Delete Column: Shift+Command+Y