List of the $(xxx) macro in visual studio

Just click the Macros >> button in the post build events dialog. I includes the list and a preview of what the result will be. Here is a list any way:

$(OutDir)
$(ConfigurationName)
$(ProjectName)
$(TargetName)
$(TargetPath)
$(ProjectFileName)
$(TargetExt)
$(TargetFileName)
$(DevEnvDir)
$(TargetDir)
$(ProjectDir)
$(SolutionFileName)
$(SolutionPath)
$(SolutionDir)

The official Microsoft documentation for VS2017 is here and for VS 2019 is here.