Make Javascript do List Comprehension

A list comprehension has a few parts to it.

1. Selecting a set of something
2. From a set of Something
3. Filtered by Something

In JavaScript, as of ES5 (so I think that's supported in IE9+, Chrome and FF) you can use the map and filter functions on an array.

You can do this with map and filter:

var list = [1,2,3,4,5].filter(function(x){ return x < 4; })
               .map(function(x) { return 'foo ' + x; });

console.log(list); //["foo 1", "foo 2", "foo 3"]

That's about as good as it's going to get without setting up additional methods or using another framework.

As for the specific question...

With jQuery:

$('input').map(function(i, x) { return x.name; });

Without jQuery:

var inputs = [].slice.call(document.getElementsByTagName('input'), 0),
    names = inputs.map(function(x) { return x.name; });

[].slice.call() is just to convert the NodeList to an Array.

generic case using Array.map, requires javascript 1.6 (that means, works on every browser but IE < 9) or with an object augmenting framework like MooTools works on every browser:

var list_of_names = document.getElementsByTagName('input').map(
  function(element) { return element.getAttribute('name'); }
);

If dealing with an iterable that doesn't provide map (such as generators), spread syntax can be used to first create an array:

[...Array(10).keys()].map(x => x * 2 + 3)

Spread syntax will also work with arrays, so if you need to apply map to any iterable, it's safest to first spread it into a list.

(Note this example also uses an arrow function, which requires ES6 support. Most browser versions support both or neither. IE supports neither, if it itself needs to be supported, though IE has been replaced by Edge for awhile.)

jQuery specific example, works on every browser:

var list_of_names = jQuery.map(jQuery('input'), function(element) { return jQuery(element).attr('name'); });

the other answers using .each are wrong; not the code itself, but the implementations are sub-optimal.

Edit: there's also Array comprehensions introduced in Javascript 1.7, but this is purely dependant on syntax and cannot be emulated on browsers that lack it natively. This is the closest thing you can get in Javascript to the Python snippet you posted. However that got removed from the language