MatchQ-ing Associations (MMA 10)

Association is atomic:

<|x -> 1|> // AtomQ

True

Therefore standard pattern matching inside the structure will not work.

You can still match on the implicit head using:

MatchQ[<|x -> 1|>, _Association]

True

There is also AssociationQ:

<|x -> 1|> // AssociationQ

True

MatchQ[<|x -> 1|>, _?AssociationQ]

True

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I used the term atomic in a general way meaning an object that does not conform to the standard expression syntax and traversal rules. Taliesin Beynon explains why this is conflating two different concepts in this chat transcript.

In Mathematica 10.4, Association can now be used in pattern matching. Here is the result of the OP's example:

MatchQ[<|x -> 1|>, Association[___Rule]]

True

and

MatchQ[<|x->1|>, Association[___]]

True

There's now also KeyValuePattern which is a pattern object specifically to match elements of an Association or list of rules. Here are some examples:

<|a -> 1, b -> 2, c -> 3|> /. KeyValuePattern[x_ -> 1] :> x

a

Cases[{
  <|"PartOfSpeech" -> "Noun", "Number" -> "Singular"|>,
  <|"PartOfSpeech" -> "Verb"|>},
 KeyValuePattern[{x : "PartOfSpeech" -> y : "Noun"}] :> 
  Association[x -> y]]

{<|"PartOfSpeech" -> "Noun"|>}